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Impact of the Endovascular Revolution on Vascular Training Through Analysis of National Data Case Reports

Roth, Alexis; Moreno, Oscar; Santos, Tyler; Khan, Hason; Marks, Natalie; Ascher, Enrico; Hingorani, Anil
BACKGROUND:In the last couple decades, there has been a shift in use of endovascular procedures in vascular surgery. We aim to examine the impact of this endovascular shift on vascular trainees, determine whether surgical experiences of trainees in the integrated residency and fellowship program changed over time, and identify differences between the two training paradigms. METHODS:Data was extracted from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education National Data Case Logs for the vascular surgery fellowship (1999-2021) and integrated residency (2012-2021) programs. Every procedure was categorized as open or endovascular, then designated into the following subcategories: thoracic aneurysm repairs, cerebrovascular, abdominal aneurysm repairs, venous, vascular access, peripheral arterial disease, visceral, and miscellaneous. We compared the prevalence of open and endovascular cases in the fellowship and integrated residency using data from overlapping years (2012-2021). Also, we compared the mean number of cases per trainee per year within designated time intervals. The vascular surgery fellowship was grouped into three intervals: 1999-2006, 2006-2013, and 2013-2021; the integrated vascular surgery residency was grouped into two intervals: 2012-2017 and 2017-2021. Data were standardized to represent the average number of cases per trainee per year. RESULTS:Within the fellowship, we found a 362.37% increase in endovascular procedures (Mean±standard deviation, 56.80±32.57 vs. 262.63±9.91, p<0.001), while only a 32.47% increase in open procedures (220.19±4.55 vs. 291.68±8.20) between the first to last time intervals. There was a decrease in abdominal aneurysm repair (24.46±7.30 vs. 13.85±0.58, p<0.001) and visceral (6.41±0.44 vs. 5.80±0.42, p=0.039) open procedures. For the integrated residency, there was an increase in open procedures by 8.52% (352.18±8.23 vs. 382.20±5.84, p<0.001). Residents had a greater total, open, and endovascular procedures per year than fellows (all p<0.001). Chief residents had about half as many cases as vascular fellows per year. Fellows performed more open abdominal aneurysm repair (14.04±0.80 vs. 12.40±1.32, p=0.007) and visceral (5.83±0.41 vs. 4.88±0.46, p>0.001) procedures than residents. Overall, 52-53% of cases performed by trainees per year were open procedures in both the fellowship and integrated residency (288.56±12.10 vs. 261.27±10.13, 365.52±17.23 vs. 319.58±6.62, both p<0.001). Within the subcategories, only cerebrovascular, vascular access, and miscellaneous had more open procedures performed per trainee. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Vascular surgery training has incorporated new endovascular techniques and technologies while maintaining operative training in open procedures. Despite changes in vascular surgery training, trainees are still performing more open procedures than endovascular procedures per year. However, there are evolving deficits in specific types of procedures.
PMID: 38367849
ISSN: 1097-6809
CID: 5636152

Who are the Vascular Society Presidents?

Hingorani, Amrit; Ascher, Enrico; Hingorani, Anil
BACKGROUND:We noted distinct differences between the demographics among the presidents of various vascular societies. To help characterize these among the present United States, Canadian, and European vascular societies, we queried the websites for the United States, Canadian, and European vascular societies in a systematic review for the names of their presidents since their respective inceptions. METHODS:Age and ethnicity were determined by a search on healthgrades.com, Google, and online obituaries. The year of ascendency to the presidency and the year of birth were used as identifying time points. RESULTS:There are significant differences between the ages of the presidents of the various vascular societies. While the presidents of Vascular and Endovascular Surgical Society were significantly younger than those of every other vascular society examined, Midwestern Vascular Surgical Society, Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery, and Society of Vascular Medicine were also significantly younger than the remainder of the societies examined (P < 0.0001). The presidents of the remaining societies were not significantly different in age from each other. When comparing the ages of the presidents in the first and last decades of each society, 2 were found to have significantly increased (Society of Vascular Medicine [P = 0.0029] and Vascular and Endovascular Surgical Society [P < 0.0001]), while 2 others were found to have significantly decreased (New England Society for Vascular Surgery [P = 0.0092] and Eastern Vascular Society [P = 0.0085]). Of the 532 total entries for these presidents examined over these 13 societies, 19 (3.6%) of these were filled by women and 37 (7%) with minorities. CONCLUSIONS:There was a great deal of variability in terms of age, gender, and minority representation of the presidents among the vascular societies examined. While the share of women and minorities to serve as presidents in vascular societies varied between societies, both groups were under-represented across the board. However, in recent years, the number of women and minorities elected as presidents of vascular societies has been trending upwards.
PMID: 36642170
ISSN: 1615-5947
CID: 5464712

Comparison of Recent Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis

Paraskevas, Kosmas I; Mikhailidis, Dimitri P; Antignani, Pier Luigi; Ascher, Enrico; Baradaran, Hediyeh; Bokkers, Reinoud P H; Cambria, Richard P; Comerota, Anthony J; Dardik, Alan; Davies, Alun H; Eckstein, Hans-Henning; Faggioli, Gianluca; Fernandes E Fernandes, Jose; Fraedrich, Gustav; Geroulakos, George; Gloviczki, Peter; Golledge, Jonathan; Gupta, Ajay; Jezovnik, Mateja K; Kakkos, Stavros K; Katsiki, Niki; Knoflach, Michael; Eline Kooi, M; Lanza, Gaetano; Lavenson, George S; Liapis, Christos D; Loftus, Ian M; Mansilha, Armando; Millon, Antoine; Nicolaides, Andrew N; Pini, Rodolfo; Poredos, Pavel; Proczka, Robert M; Ricco, Jean-Baptiste; Riles, Thomas S; Ringleb, Peter Arthur; Rundek, Tatjana; Saba, Luca; Schlachetzki, Felix; Silvestrini, Mauro; Spinelli, Francesco; Stilo, Francesco; Sultan, Sherif; Suri, Jasjit S; Svetlikov, Alexei V; Zeebregts, Clark J; Chaturvedi, Seemant
Despite the publication of several national/international guidelines, the optimal management of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (AsxCS) remains controversial. This article compares 3 recently released guidelines (the 2020 German-Austrian, the 2021 European Stroke Organization [ESO], and the 2021 Society for Vascular Surgery [SVS] guidelines) vs the 2017 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) guidelines regarding the optimal management of AsxCS patients.The 2017 ESVS guidelines defined specific imaging/clinical parameters that may identify patient subgroups at high future stroke risk and recommended that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) should or carotid artery stenting (CAS) may be considered for these individuals. The 2020 German-Austrian guidelines provided similar recommendations with the 2017 ESVS Guidelines. The 2021 ESO Guidelines also recommended CEA for AsxCS patients at high risk for stroke on best medical treatment (BMT), but recommended against routine use of CAS in these patients. Finally, the SVS guidelines provided a strong recommendation for CEA+BMT vs BMT alone for low-surgical risk patients with >70% AsxCS. Thus, the ESVS, German-Austrian, and ESO guidelines concurred that all AsxCS patients should receive risk factor modification and BMT, but CEA should or CAS may also be considered for certain AsxCS patient subgroups at high risk for future ipsilateral ischemic stroke.
PMID: 35412377
ISSN: 1940-1574
CID: 5248942

Success rate and factors predictive of redo endothermal ablation of small saphenous veins

Kibrik, Pavel; Chait, Jesse; Arustamyan, Michael; Alsheekh, Ahmad; Kenney, Kevin; Marks, Natalie; Hingorani, Anil; Ascher, Enrico
OBJECTIVE:Endothermal ablation, such as endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), has been increasingly used for treatment of small saphenous vein (SSV) insufficiency. Prior studies have shown recurrence rates of 0% to 10% in incompetent SSVs (ISSVs). The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of redo venous ablation for symptomatic recanalized SSVs and to predict the factors related to recanalization. METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 2566 procedures in 1752 patients with chronic venous insufficiency due to ISSVs from 2012 to 2018 was performed, using individual medical record review for data extraction. All 2566 procedures were performed using endothermal ablation for patients in whom initial conservative management had failed. Postoperative duplex ultrasound scans were performed within 3 to 7 days after treatment. We defined successful obliteration as a lack of color flow using postoperative duplex ultrasound. We defined recanalization as the presence of reflux on duplex ultrasound in the target vessel during follow-up. We conducted follow-up examinations every 3 months during the first year and every 6 months subsequently. RESULTS:. The mean age was 62.4 ± 15.10 years. The CEAP (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology) class was C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 for 0, 0, 29, 43, 1, and 18 patients, respectively. The mean maximum diameter of the targeted veins for the redo procedures was 4.51 ± 1.33 mm. Of the 91 procedures, 40 were performed using EVLA and 51 were performed using RFA. The initial technical success was 98.9%. The redo procedures showed an early closure of 96.7%. At a mean follow-up duration of 24.9 ± 14.9 months, the closure rate was 96.5%. No correlation was found between successful obliteration with the redo procedure and age, gender, CEAP class, laterality, EVLA vs RFA, body mass index, or vein diameter. CONCLUSIONS:The rates of successful closure for ISSVs with initial and redo procedures were comparable. These data have validated the potential usefulness of performing redo SSV ablation.
PMID: 34715387
ISSN: 2213-3348
CID: 5138262

Correlation of Body Mass Index with Recanalization Risk after Endovenous Thermal Ablation

Ahmed, Taqwa; Portnoy, Reid; Chachati, George; Chait, Jesse; Alsheekh, Ahmad; Kibrik, Pavel; Marks, Natalie; Hingorani, Anil; Ascher, Enrico
OBJECTIVE:Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) has an increased prevalence among obese individuals with body mass indices (BMI) over 30. A safe, efficacious, and evidence-based recommended treatment for CVI due to superficial venous reflux (SVR) in great saphenous veins (GSV), small saphenous veins (SSV), accessory saphenous veins (ASV), and reflux in the perforator veins (PV) is endovenous thermal ablation (EVTA). We sought to identify if BMI is an independent risk factor for recanalization following EVTA. METHODS:All patients with CVI were initially managed conservatively, and those with pathologic SVR refractory to compression therapy were offered EVTAs dependent on the site of reflux. Sonographic confirmation of SVR was defined as >500 milliseconds of reflux in the GSV, SSV, and ASV and a diameter >4 millimeters. PV reflux was confirmed as >350 milliseconds of reflux and a diameter >2.5 millimeters. All patients received a follow-up duplex ultrasound 1 week after the procedure, every 3 months for the first year, and every 6 months thereafter. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was performed regarding patients' age, ablation modality (laser vs radiofrequency ablation), vein location and laterality, BMI, and recanalization. RESULTS:for recanalizations. PVs were statistically more likely to recanalize than any other vein (p=0.0001). A secondary analysis was performed with the exclusion of PVs, due to their 5 times increased risk of recanalization, and showed no significant difference of recanalization across all BMI subgroups (p=0.127). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:BMI does not predict recanalization risk following EVTA, except for ablations performed on PVs.
PMID: 34271246
ISSN: 2213-3348
CID: 4939042

Outcomes of Cadaveric Veins as Conduits for Lower Extremity Arterial Bypass [Meeting Abstract]

Patel, Ronak; Marks, Natalie A.; Hingorani, Anil P.; Ascher, Enrico
ISI:000771503000024
ISSN: 0741-5214
CID: 5243422

Physician Impact on Use of Fluoroscopy During Endovascular Procedures to Improve Radiation Safety

Aurshina, Afsha; Victory, Jesse; Velez, Lady; Kibrik, Pavel; Hingorani, Anil; Marks, Natalie; Rajaee, Sareh; Ascher, Enrico
OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To determine whether differences exist in fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure during lower extremity endovascular procedures performed by fellowship trained vascular surgeons versus general surgeons, to minimize radiation exposure to operating room staff. METHODS:, 2016. The procedures were performed by the surgical department's 4 surgeons with endovascular privileges: 2 vascular surgeons and 2 general surgeons. Only procedures involving lower extremity arterial angiograms with balloon angioplasty, stenting, or atherectomy were included. The operative records were reviewed for each case. The total fluoroscopy time, and total radiation dose for each procedure were recorded. Procedures were grouped according to the number of endovascular interventions as 1-2 interventions, 3-4 and ≥5 interventions performed. Statistical analysis was performed with a p-value of <.05 as significant. RESULTS:About 271 lower extremity endovascular procedures were performed during the study period by 4 surgeons. The average age of the patient population was 70 years. The total number of procedures performed over the study period were 112, 45, 91, and 25 for surgeons 1-4 respectively. On average, 3.24 interventions were performed during each procedure. Vascular surgeons were found to have shorter fluoroscopy time for procedures involving 1-2 (7.8 vs. 30.1, p<.01), 3-4 (9.3 vs. 34.2, p<.01), and ≥5 (11.5 vs. 51.9, p<.01) interventions. Vascular surgeons were also found to have less radiation exposure compared to general surgeons in procedures with 1-2 (1.69 vs. 3.53, p=.001) and ≥5 (2.3 vs. 5.4, p=.003) interventions. There was no significant difference in radiation exposure between vascular and general surgeons for procedures with 3-4 interventions (5.86 vs. 5.59, p=.95). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:In this small series at our institution, lower extremity endovascular procedures performed by specialty-trained vascular surgeons were associated with both decreased operative fluoroscopy time and decreased radiation exposure when compared to general surgeons.
PMID: 33684480
ISSN: 1097-6809
CID: 4809132

PRINZMETAL-LIKE ACUTE LIMB ISCHEMIA [Case Report]

Singh, Nikita; Jaikaran, Omkaar; Kibrik, Pavel; Hingorani, Anil; Ascher, Enrico
Vasospasm-induced acute limb ischemia (ALI), also known as vasospastic limb ischemia (VLI), is a rare, underreported vascular event. Unlike thrombotic and embolic occlusive etiologies, which often warrant revascularization, vasospasm is a transient phenomenon that may be successfully managed conservatively without surgical intervention. Thus, prompt recognition and accurate diagnosis of VLI is imperative to avoid unnecessary surgical or endovascular procedures. This diagnosis, however, can pose as a challenge for clinicians, as it can present with clinical signs and symptoms near-identical to the presentation of thrombotic-induced ALI. In this report, we present a patient that experienced two vasospasm-induced ischemic events; the patient developed Rutherford IIb acute limb-threatening ischemia following cardiac catheterization for myocardial infarction (MI). Computer tomography angiography (CTA) findings of her right leg revealed acute occlusion suggesting the need for immediate operative intervention for limb salvage. However, due to her critical state, she instead was managed with medical treatments. Despite no intervention, the patient had full resolution of her right leg symptoms. We present this case to highlight the unusual multifocality of vasospastic events and to increase awareness of the diagnostic challenges associated with VLI.
PMID: 33556503
ISSN: 1615-5947
CID: 4779412

Partial subclavian artery coverage in TEVAR patients for acute type B aortic dissections: an alternative solution

Chait, Jesse D; Hingorani, Anil P; Singh, Nikita; Marks, Natalie A; Ascher, Enrico
BACKGROUND:Acute type B aortic dissection with origin of the left subclavian artery (LSA) is generally managed with endovascular therapy for acute coverage of the LSA with (a) no revascularization, (b) revascularization with open methods, or (c) endovascular revascularization. To identify an alternative solution, we critically evaluated a small cohort of patients who had partial coverage of their LSA. METHODS:Three thoracic endovascular repairs were performed from January-March 2015. Patients were deemed eligible for endovascular repair after they had failed conservative management. Indications included acute type B dissection with lower extremity ischemia, ruptured dissection, and persistent symptoms of dissection after medical therapy. RESULTS:Technical success was achieved in all three patients, and all procedures were performed percutaneously. The mean distance between the ostium of the LSA and the entry point of dissection was 11.1 ± 3.4 mm. Within the 30-day post-operative period, there were no deaths, aortic ruptures, myocardial infarctions, or conversions to open repair. Freedom from re-intervention was noted in all 3 patients. There was no spinal cord ischemia. CONCLUSIONS:There is no strong evidence to support the current optimal approach for treatment of the thoracic aorta. Partial coverage of LSA in patients with <2 cm seal zones may be considered as an alternative. However, due to our small sample size, limited followup, and lack of comparison cohort, further investigation is necessary.
PMID: 33635042
ISSN: 1827-191x
CID: 4795102

Case report of superficial femoral artery and popliteal artery aneurysm repair using brachial vein

Singh, Nikita; Patel, Ronak; Hingorani, Anil; Ascher, Enrico
BACKGROUND:Several veins have been well-recognized as acceptable conduits for infrainguinal bypass surgery when the ipsilateral greater saphenous vein is unavailable. However, there is a paucity of literature describing the brachial vein as an adequate alternative. In the absence of other viable autogenous conduits, we describe the use of a brachial vein as a successful alternative for lower extremity revascularization. METHODS:A 70-year-old man presented with a chief complaint of right calf pain. Duplex ultrasound imaging of his right lower extremity revealed right-sided 2.5 cm acutely thrombosed superficial femoral artery and popliteal artery aneurysms. The patient underwent a suction thrombectomy with tissue plasminogen activator using the Power Pulse feature and Solent catheter from the AngioJet® (Boston-Scientific, Marlborough, MA) system. To repair the thrombosed aneurysms, an open bypass was planned. Due to lack of viable alternative traditionally used venous conduits, a bypass was created using the patient's brachial vein. RESULTS:A bypass was created from the superficial femoral artery to the P2 segment of the popliteal artery using a non-reversed brachial vein with ligation of the side branches of the superficial femoral artery and popliteal artery aneurysm from within the sac lumen. Completion angiogram revealed runoff through the anterior tibial artery only. Follow-up imaging at three months demonstrated a patent brachial bypass. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Brachial veins can be safely used as viable venous conduits for lower extremity bypass surgery and should therefore be considered as an alternative when more commonly used veins are unsuitable or unavailable. However, more research is needed to determine the potential opportunities and challenges this alternative may present.
PMID: 34056975
ISSN: 1708-539x
CID: 4890972