Faculty Bibliography

Since their introduction in the 1960's, the safety of silicone breast implants has remained contentious due to concerns regarding carcinogenicity as well as a growing array of adverse psychiatric symptoms, which have now been termed 'Breast Implant Illness.' This article aims to explore the merits of a psychiatric approach to treating Breast Implant Illness by outlining how it is defined by psychiatric symptoms and categorized alongside other psychiatric illnesses. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the pathology of Breast Implant Illness is purely medical or psychiatric. However, the efficacy of the medical approach to treatment through a process called explantation, which involves removal of the implant and surrounding scar tissue, or capsule, is not strongly supported by existing data. A psychiatric approach to treatment, in conjunction with explanation, thus holds potential in remedying the novel and poorly understood Breast Implant Illness.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

This review of current literature demonstrates the psychological implications of skin conditions. Skin conditions of varying severity can impact the quality of patients' lives and have psychiatric consequences. This impact provides a need for healthcare providers to consider the psychological implications of one's skin conditions and their effect on quality of life. The psychological challenges that arise from varying skin conditions show the potential need for both dermatological and psychiatric interventions. The following literature review details the psychiatric consequences of skin conditions under various conditions. It first looks at literature highlighting the psychiatric consequences experienced through various age ranges, from adults to adolescents and children. The paper then explores multiple skin conditions and their psychological effect before highlighting some of the interactions that stress has on the skin that could further exacerbate one's condition. Finally, it examines how patients characterize their experience with their skin condition and goes into some clinical case studies of patients with psychological implications as a result of their skin disorder. The paper also highlights the magnitude of dermatologic patients experiencing psychological conditions in conjunction with their skin conditions.

Although the citizenship clause of the fourteenth amendment guarantees citizenship to persons born in the United States, the 1996 Immigration Act does not allow illegal immigrant parents to avoid deportation unless such deportation would cause extreme and exceptional hardship to a U.S. citizen relative. This paper reviews the potential adverse effects of such deportation on a child. It presents 12 cases where child and adolescent forensic psychiatric evaluations of U.S. citizen children supported their immigrant parents' petitions for legal resident status. Parent-child attachment, as well as the child's educational status, language proficiencies, acculturation to U.S. culture, and psychiatric distress at the potential deportation, are the factors most helpful in elucidating a child's reaction to this threatened deportation. During the child and adolescent psychiatry evaluations, the parents were interviewed, school records were reviewed and, where appropriate, pediatric records were considered. All the children were examined alone and then as a family unit with their parents using standard DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria [1]. Firstly, considering their clinical diagnoses, a clinical prognosis was made for the possibility if the child were to be forced to go to their parents' country of origin with their deported illegal immigrant parent(s). Secondly, each case was examined and analyzed individually to determine the clinical prognosis of the U.S. citizen child if they were to stay in the United States while the illegal immigrant parent(s) was forced to leave. In all of the 12 cases, there was already pre-existing anxiety in the children secondary to the fear of a negative outcome for the parents in the immigration legal cases. In all of the 12 cases it was also determined that the prognosis for the child's adjustment to being without their parent but remaining in the US would have produced a significant exacerbation of the psychopathology already seen. Furthermore, in all of the 12 cases, were the children to be relocated to their parental culture, unfamiliar to the child's American culture, again, the prognosis was made that a significant exacerbation of psychopathology would occur. On the basis of the findings of the child and adolescent psychiatric evaluations and analyses presented to the court, all of the illegal immigrant parents were permitted to receive permanent resident status.

Antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits are subject to complex patterns of inheritance, gene--environment interactive effects, and powerful environmental influences. Yet genetic factors are important in the etiology of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits, and identifying youth with an elevated genetic risk may lead to improved interventions and preventive efforts. Additionally, research revealing the importance of gene--environment interactions in the development of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits should be harnessed to promote more rehabilitative, developmentally appropriate policies to benefit youth in the juvenile justice and social welfare systems.

Pre-operative anxiety affects millions of pediatric surgery patients each year and can have both short and long-term adverse effects in the post-operative period. As a result, it is particularly important for healthcare providers and others involved in the child's care, such as the parents, to be aware of interventions that can be used to reduce the onset of pre-operative anxiety and, thus, the likelihood of negative post-operative changes. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the issue of pre-operative anxiety through a review of the literature and analysis of case studies. First, the paper looks at the causes of pre-operative anxiety and its effect on the development of maladaptive behavioral, emotional, and physiological changes. It then discusses the ways pre-operative anxiety can be measured and current methods for reducing the post-operative adverse outcomes associated with it. After doing so, it proposes the need for additional research and the use of precision medicine by physicians.

For centuries, attempting a successful rehabilitation of youth with antisocial behaviors has challenged juvenile justice systems and society. More recently, advances in science and neuroimaging have permitted a deeper understanding of the biological underpinnings of antisocial behavior and psychopathic tendencies. This paper reviews biological findings in youth with conduct disorder, highlighting comparisons to biological findings in adults with antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy. Overall, youth with conduct disorder exhibit several biological findings that are similar to adults with antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, consistent with theories that conduct disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that progresses to these adult conditions. There is evidence that treatment interventions might mitigate this progression and induce biological changes. Further, biological findings might guide interventions to rehabilitate youth and change the developmental trajectory of antisocial behaviors.

Recent expansion of the legal definition of parenthood in New York State raises the question of whether the presence of a genetic relationship between a parent and child trumps environmental and interpersonal factors in the formation of a strong, secure attachment bond. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that attachment between a child and secure attachment figure is inherently biological, and that such biological attachment supersedes the existence of a genetic parent-child relationship. First, the paper provides an overview of attachment and its biological basis. It then discusses the impact on attachment of environmental and interpersonal influences, which current research suggests have the power to alter brain biology. There is no clear evidence that a genetic relationship confers a significant advantage in terms of attachment. This paper proposes that the term "biological parent" be redefined to include anyone with whom a child shares a strong attachment bond.

A review of the current literature regarding bilingualism demonstrates that bilingualism is linked to higher levels of controlled attention and inhibition in executive control and can protect against the decline of executive control in aging by contributing to cognitive reserve. Bilinguals may also have smaller vocabulary size and slower lexical retrieval for each language. The joint activation theory is proposed to explain these results. Older trilingual adults experience more protection against cognitive decline and children and young adults showed similar cognitive advantages to bilinguals in inhibitory control. Second language learners do not yet show cognitive changes associated with multilingualism. The Specificity Principle states that the acquisition of multiple languages is moderated by multiple factors and varies between experiences. Bilingualism and multilingualism are both associated with immigration but different types of multilingualism can develop depending on the situation. Cultural cues and language similarity also play a role in language switching and multiple language acquisition.

Since the Third Edition, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has increasingly incorporated developmentally informed criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because of recognition that children and adolescents can manifest PTSD differently from adults. The most recent edition, DSM-5, among other changes, has introduced a developmental subtype for children six years of age or younger. As pediatric PTSD features very prominently in both civil and criminal proceedings, it is vital that the expert witness be familiar with the updated criteria and know how to interview traumatized youth appropriately in the forensic setting. In this review, we discuss the importance of the evolution of PTSD from past DSM editions to the current one, and the implications of using the new diagnostic criteria and current conceptual models in the forensic evaluation of pediatric PTSD.