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Clinician communication strategies associated with increased uptake of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: A systematic review

Constable, Catherine; Ferguson, Kyle; Nicholson, Joey; Quinn, Gwendolyn P
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently linked to almost 35,000 new cases of cancer in women and men each year in the United States. Gardasil-9 (Merck & Company), the only HPV vaccine now available in the United States, is nearly 100% effective at preventing precancers caused by oncogenic HPV types. In the United States, however, only about one half of adolescents are up to date with HPV vaccination. It is well known that health care clinicians' recommendations play a significant role in parents' decisions regarding HPV vaccination. A growing body of literature examines specific communication strategies for promoting uptake of the HPV vaccine. A comprehensive review of the evidence for each of these strategies is needed. The authors searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science Complete databases for original articles with a defined clinician communication strategy and an outcome of HPV vaccine uptake or intention to vaccinate (PROSPERO registry no. CRD42020107602). In total, 46 studies were included. The authors identified two main strategies with strong evidence supporting their positive impact on vaccine uptake: strong recommendation and presumptive recommendation. Determinations about a causal relationship were limited by the small numbers of randomized controlled trials. There is also opportunity for more research to determine the effects of motivational interviewing and cancer-prevention messaging.
PMID: 35969145
ISSN: 1542-4863
CID: 5299772

Comparison of the implementation of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccination programs in the United States: Implications for future vaccines

Constable, Catherine; Caplan, Arthur
Vaccines for two viruses which cause cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), are recommended for all children in the United States. Numerous parallels exist between the two vaccines in addition to their roles in cancer prevention, including transmission through sexual contact, multiple doses needed for series completion, and vaccine administration in adolescence for HPV and in the initial phase of the HBV vaccination program. All of these factors were viewed as potential barriers to achieving high rates of coverage, yet the ultimate success of the HBV vaccination program led to predictions that similarly high rates of coverage could be achieved for the HPV vaccine. However, currently, only the recommendation for HBV vaccination is supported by mandates for school entry in most states. Uptake of the HPV vaccine has lagged far behind U.S. goals for public health promotion. The aim of this paper is to examine factors which may account for the divergent pathways of the two vaccines. Four main factors are identified: logistical challenges of vaccine administration, attitudes of parents and healthcare providers, safety concerns, and cost. For each factor examined, recommendations are offered to confront similar barriers likely to arise for future vaccines. The authors conclude that gender-neutral state mandates coupled with school-located vaccination programs, stronger gender-neutral messaging from pharmaceutical companies and healthcare providers, and younger age of vaccine administration, if approved, present the most promising approaches to improving uptake of the HPV vaccine, and similar vaccines down the road.
PMID: 31843271
ISSN: 1873-2518
CID: 4243522

Bolstering trust in the human papillomavirus vaccine through improved communication in the vaccine information statement

Constable, Catherine; Chapman, Carolyn Riley
PMID: 31253445
ISSN: 1873-2518
CID: 3964012

Factors Associated with Combined Do-Not-Resuscitate and Do-Not-Intubate Orders: A Retrospective Chart Review at an Urban Tertiary Care Center

Stream, Sara; Nolan, Anna; Kwon, Sophia; Constable, Catherine
BACKGROUND:In clinical practice, do-not-intubate (DNI) orders are generally accompanied by do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders. Use of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders is associated with older patient age, more comorbid conditions, and the withholding of treatments outside of the cardiac arrest setting. Previous studies have not unpacked the factors independently associated with DNI orders. OBJECTIVE:To compare factors associated with combined DNR/DNI orders versus isolated DNR orders, as a means of elucidating factors associated with the addition of DNI orders. DESIGN/METHODS:Retrospective chart review. SETTING/SUBJECTS/METHODS:Patients who died on a General Medicine or MICU service (n = 197) at an urban public hospital over a 2-year period. MEASUREMENTS/METHODS:Logistic regression was used to identify demographic and medical data associated with code status. RESULTS:Compared with DNR orders alone, DNR/DNI orders were associated with a higher median Charlson Comorbidity Index (odds ratio [OR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.43); older age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04); malignancy (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.18-4.37); and female sex (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.02-3.87). In the last 3 days of life, they were associated with morphine administration (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.43-5.33); and negatively associated with use of vasopressors/inotropes (OR 10.99, 95% CI 4.83-25.00). CONCLUSIONS:Compared with DNR orders alone, combined DNR/DNI orders are more strongly associated with many of the same factors that have been linked to DNR orders. Awareness of the extent to which the two directives may be conflated during code status discussions is needed to promote patient-centered application of these interventions.
PMID: 29935341
ISSN: 1873-1570
CID: 3158502

Linked Do-Not-Resuscitate (dnr) And Do-Not-Intubate (dni) Orders And Factors Associated With Dni Orders: A Retrospective Chart Review At An Urban Tertiary Care Center [Meeting Abstract]

Stream, S; Nolan, A; Kwon, S; Constable, C
ISI:000390749603740
ISSN: 1535-4970
CID: 2414722

Linked Dnr and Dni Orders and Factors Associated with Intubation: A Retrospective Chart Review at an Urban Tertiary Care Center [Meeting Abstract]

Stream, Sara; Nolan, Anna; Kown, Sophia; Constable, Catherine
ORIGINAL:0011109
ISSN: 1553-5606
CID: 2097642

Linked Dnr And Dni Orders And Factors Associated With Intubation: A Retrospective Chart Review At An Urban Tertiary Care Center [Meeting Abstract]

Stream, S; Nolan, A; Constable, C
ISI:000377582805596
ISSN: 1535-4970
CID: 2161822

Rising rates of vaccine exemptions: Problems with current policy and more promising remedies

Constable, Catherine; Blank, Nina R; Caplan, Arthur L
Parents of school-age children are increasingly claiming nonmedical exemptions to refuse vaccinations required for school entry. The resultant unvaccinated pockets in many areas of the country have been linked with outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Many states are now focused on reducing rates of nonmedical exemptions by making exemption processes more restrictive or burdensome for the exemptor. These strategies, however, pose ethical problems and may ultimately be inadequate. A shift to strategies that raise the financial liabilities of exemptors may lead to better success and prove ethically more sound. Potential areas of reform include tax law, health insurance, and private school funding programs. We advocate an approach that combines this type of incentive with more effective vaccination education.
PMID: 24530934
ISSN: 0264-410x
CID: 813632

Exempting schoolchildren from immunizations: States with few barriers had highest rates of nonmedical exemptions

Blank, Nina R; Caplan, Arthur L; Constable, Catherine
Rates of nonmedical exemptions from school immunizations are increasing and have been associated with resurfacing clusters of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles. Historically, state-level school immunization policies successfully suppressed such diseases. We examined state immunization exemption regulations across the United States. We assessed procedures for exempting schoolchildren and whether exemption rates were associated with the complexity of the procedures. We also analyzed legal definitions of religious objections and state legislatures' recent modifications to exemption policies. We found that states with simpler immunization exemption procedures had nonmedical exemption rates that were more than twice as high as those in states with more-complex procedures. We also found that the stringency of legal definitions of religious exemptions was not associated with exemption procedure complexity. Finally, we found that although there were more attempts by state legislatures to broaden exemptions than to tighten them in 2011-13, only bills tightening exemptions passed. Policy makers seeking to control exemption rates to achieve public health goals should consider tightening nonmedical exemption procedures and should add vaccine education components to the procedures by either mandating or encouraging yearly educational sessions in schools for parents reluctant to have their children vaccinated.
PMID: 23836745
ISSN: 0278-2715
CID: 508962

Withdrawal of artificial nutrition and hydration for patients in a permanent vegetative state: changing tack

Constable, Catherine
In the United States, the decision of whether to withdraw or continue to provide artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) for patients in a permanent vegetative state (PVS) is placed largely in the hands of surrogate decision-makers, such as spouses and immediate family members. This practice would seem to be consistent with a strong national emphasis on autonomy and patient-centered healthcare. When there is ambiguity as to the patient's advanced wishes, the presumption has been that decisions should weigh in favor of maintaining life, and therefore, that it is the withdrawal rather than the continuation of ANH that requires particular justification. I will argue that this default position should be reversed. Instead, I will argue that the burden of justification lies with those who would continue artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH), and in the absence of knowledge as to the patient's advanced wishes, it is better to discontinue ANH. In particular, I will argue that among patients in PVS, there is not a compelling interest in being kept alive; that in general, we commit a worse violation of autonomy by continuing ANH when the patient's wishes are unknown; and that more likely than not, the maintenance of ANH as a bridge to a theoretical future time of recovery goes against the best interests of the patient.
PMID: 21039688
ISSN: 0269-9702
CID: 415512