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Virtual reality cybersickness and the headache patient

Chen, Qian Cece; Fleming, Andrew; Lepkowsky, Adam; Narouze, Samer
PMID: 38521538
ISSN: 1526-4637
CID: 5641152

Gut Microbiota Influences Neuropathic Pain Through Modulating Proinflammatory and Anti-inflammatory T Cells

Ding, Weihua; You, Zerong; Chen, Qian; Yang, Liuyue; Doheny, Jason; Zhou, Xue; Li, Na; Wang, Shiyu; Hu, Kun; Chen, Lucy; Xia, Suyun; Wu, Xinbo; Wang, Changning; Zhang, Can; Chen, Liang; Ritchie, Christine; Huang, Peigen; Mao, Jianren; Shen, Shiqian
BACKGROUND:Gut microbiota, a consortium of diverse microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a key player in neuroinflammatory responses, supporting the functional relevance of the "gut-brain axis." Chronic-constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) is a commonly used animal model of neuropathic pain with a major input from T cell-mediated immune responses. In this article, we sought to examine whether gut microbiota influences CCI neuropathic pain, and, if so, whether T-cell immune responses are implicated. METHODS:We used a mixture of wide-spectrum oral antibiotics to perturbate gut microbiota in mice and then performed CCI in these animals. Nociceptive behaviors, including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, were examined before and after CCI. Additionally, we characterized the spinal cord infiltrating T cells by examining interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and Foxp3. Using a Foxp3-GFP-DTR "knock-in" mouse model that allows punctual depletion of regulatory T cells, we interrogated the role of these cells in mediating the effects of gut microbiota in the context of CCI neuropathic pain. RESULTS:We found that oral antibiotics induced gut microbiota changes and attenuated the development of CCI neuropathic pain, as demonstrated by dampened mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Percentages of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells were significantly different between animals that received oral antibiotics (Th1 mean = 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-1.2; Foxp3 mean = 8.1, 95% CI, 6.8-9.3) and those that received regular water (Th1 mean = 8.4, 95% CI, 7.8-9.0, P < .01 oral antibiotics versus water, Cohen's d = 18.8; Foxp 3 mean = 2.8, 95% CI, 2.2-3.3, P < .01 oral antibiotics versus water, Cohen's d = 6.2). These T cells characterized a skewing from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory immune profile induced by gut microbiota changes. Moreover, we depleted Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and found that their depletion reversed the protection of neuropathic pain mediated by gut microbiota changes, along with a dramatic increase of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cell infiltration in the spinal cord (before depletion mean = 2.8%, 95% CI, 2.2-3.5; after depletion mean = 9.1%, 95% CI, 7.2-11.0, p < .01 before versus after, Cohen's d = 5.0). CONCLUSIONS:Gut microbiota plays a critical role in CCI neuropathic pain. This role is mediated, in part, through modulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory T cells.
PMID: 32889847
ISSN: 1526-7598
CID: 4841762

Recent Applications of Virtual Reality for the Management of Pain in Burn and Pediatric Patients

Ang, Samuel P; Montuori, Michael; Trimba, Yuriy; Maldari, Nicole; Patel, Divya; Chen, Qian Cece
PURPOSE OF REVIEW/OBJECTIVE:Virtual reality, via integration of immersive visual and auditory modalities, offers an innovative approach to pain management. The purpose of this review is to investigate the clinical application of virutal reality as an adjunct analgesic to standard of care, particularly in pediatric and burn patients. RECENT FINDINGS/RESULTS:Although relatively new, virtual reality has been successfully implemented in a wide range of clinical scenarios for educational, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. Most recent literature supports the use of this adjunct analgesic in reducing pain intensity for pediatric and burn patients undergoing acute, painful procedures. This summative review demonstrates the efficacy of virtual reality in altering pain perception by decreasing pain and increasing functionality among pediatric and burn patients. However, large, multi-center randomized controlled trials are still warranted to generalize these findings to more diverse patient demographics and medical scenarios.
PMID: 33443603
ISSN: 1534-3081
CID: 4798642