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Early recognition and treatment of electrolyte abnormalities protect the patient from derangements in the renal, myocardiac, and central nervous systems. Correction of electrolyte derangements decreases both morbidity and mortality. This issue reviews sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus abnormalities and provides a systematic approach to the evaluation and management of the ill child with an electrolyte emergency.

Objective The use of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) as non-invasive respiratory support in children with bronchiolitis has increased over the last several years. Several studies have investigated enteral feeding safety while on HFNC. This study compares the safety of oral feeding prior to and following implementation of an HFNC feeding guideline. Patients and methods A retrospective study was designed, in children ≤2 years of age with bronchiolitis, requiring HFNC, from 2017 to 2019. We defined feeding complications on HFNC and defined safety as the absence of such complications. We gathered the following data: oral feeding timing from the HFNC initiation, duration of enteral feeding on HFNC, and HFNC flow rate at which the feeding was initiated. We compare the data prior to and post-implementation of an HFNC feeding guideline. Results Descriptive statistics were calculated separately by pre and post guideline implementation. Patients in both pre and post guideline implementation groups had no feeding complications on HFNC. Subjects in the post (n=50) vs. pre-guideline implementation (n=36) had a higher median amount of liters flow when initiating enteral feeding (8.0 vs. 6.0 respectively, p<0.024), spent fewer days in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) (two days vs. 0 days). Post guideline implementation, enteral feeding was initiated sooner (days nil per os [NPO] 1.0 vs 2.0). No other significant differences between the two cohorts with respect to other variables were observed.  Conclusions Our data supports that oral feeding in patients with bronchiolitis on HFNC is safe. Utilization of current guidelines allowed safe earlier feeding of children on HFNC, reducing the time spent NPO.