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Twenty-eight (24%) of 116 pregnant women studied prospectively during an 8-month period in 1983 had platelet counts of less than 150,000/mm3 at least once during pregnancy. Thirteen of these were thrombocytopenic in both the prenatal and the peripartum period. Eighteen were restudied 3 to 12 months after delivery. One woman, who was pregnant again, had a platelet count of 140,000/mm3. In the others, platelet counts were in the normal range. Platelet-associated immunoglobulin G and serum antiplatelet antibody levels were elevated in 79% and 61%, respectively, of these 28 women on at least one occasion. However, 59% of 73 pregnant nonthrombocytopenic women had increased platelet-associated immunoglobulin G levels and 59% had positive serum antiplatelet antibody test results. Twenty women who had increased platelet-associated immunoglobulin G levels and positive serum antiplatelet antibody test results were normal 6 to 10 months after delivery. Of 105 infants studied, 10 were thrombocytopenic. Neonatal thrombocytopenia was not predicted by maternal platelet count, platelet-associated immunoglobulin G, or serum antiplatelet antibody. By the fall of 1984, the incidence of thrombocytopenia had dropped to two in 280 consecutive pregnancies. We conclude that (1) epidemics of thrombocytopenia can occur in pregnant women and (2) if a women is found to be thrombocytopenic for the first time during pregnancy, she should not be subjected to the measures advocated for the management of pregnancy in women with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura