Faculty Bibliography

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a topical photosensitizing agent which is activated by a light source to cause destruction of specific cells. Commonly used for the treatment of actinic keratoses and photodamage, PDT can also be used for other conditions including acne and sebaceous hyperplasia. Here we report our experience with two treatment protocols. The first protocol utilizes laser assisted delivery of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid for enhanced efficacy of blue light photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratoses and photodamage. The second protocol utilizes red light photodynamic therapy followed by pulsed dye laser to effectively target sebaceous glands in patients with extensive sebaceous hyperplasia

J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(4):329-331

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BACKGROUND: Infantile hemangioma (IH) clearance may be slow or incomplete in response to pulsed dye laser (PDL) or propranolol alone. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether IH treated with PDL and propranolol displayed more rapid and complete clearance than IH treated with propranolol alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of facial-segmental IH treated with propranolol and PDL and controls treated with propranolol was conducted. Blinded physicians used patient photographs to select clearance level and the earliest date of near-complete clearance. Days of propranolol, PDL sessions, and propranolol dose, each until date of near-complete clearance; total days of propranolol; and total propranolol dose were recorded. RESULTS: Infantile hemangiomas treated concurrently with propranolol and PDL achieved complete clearance (6/12) more often than IH treated with propranolol followed by PDL (2/5) or IH treated with propranolol alone (1/8; difference in clearance scores p = .01) and achieved near-complete clearance after fewer days of propranolol (mean 92 days for concurrent propranolol and PDL vs 288 days for propranolol; p < .001). Cumulative propranolol dose until near-complete clearance was lowest in the concurrent propranolol and PDL group (149.16 vs 401.25 mg/kg for propranolol; p < .001). CONCLUSION: Facial-segmental IH treated with propranolol and PDL displayed morerapid and complete clearance and required a lower cumulative propranolol dose to achieve near-complete clearance.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Laser tattoo removal using multiple passes per session, with each pass delivered after spontaneous resolution of whitening, improves tattoo fading in a 60-minute treatment time. Our objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical perfluorodecalin (PFD) in facilitating rapid effective multiple-pass tattoo removal. STUDY DESIGN: In a randomized, controlled study using Q-switched ruby or Nd:YAG laser, 22 previously treated tattoos were treated with 3 passes using PFD to resolve whitening after each pass ("R0 method"). In previously untreated symmetric tattoos, seven were treated over half of the tattoo with the R20 method, and the opposite half with 4 passes using PFD (R0 method); two were treated over half with a single pass and the opposite half with 4 passes using PFD (R0 method); and six treated over half with a single pass followed by PFD and the opposite half with a single pass alone. Blinded dermatologists rated tattoo fading at 1-3 months. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of whitening was performed in two tattoos. RESULTS: Topical PFD clinically resolved immediate whitening reactions within a mean 5 seconds (range 3-10 seconds). Tattoos treated with the R0 method demonstrated excellent fading in an average total treatment time of 5 minutes. Tattoo areas treated with the R0 method demonstrated equal fading compared to the R20 method, and improved fading compared to a single pass method. OCT imaging of whitening demonstrated epidermal and dermal hyper-reflective "bubbles" that dissipated until absent at 9-10 minutes after PFD application, and at 20 minutes without intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple-pass tattoo removal using PFD to deliver rapid sequential passes (R0 method) appears equally effective as the R20 method, in a total treatment time averaging 5 minutes, and more effective than single pass treatment. OCT-visualized whitening-associated "bubbles," upon treatment with PFD, resolve twice as rapidly as spontaneous resolution.

BACKGROUND: Actinic keratoses (AK) are precancerous epidermal proliferations commonly present on chronically sun-damaged skin. These lesions are among the most often treated dermatologic conditions. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the 6-month safety, tolerance, and efficacy of nonablative 1927-nm fractional resurfacing of facial AK. METHODS: This was a prospective clinical trial of 24 individuals with facial photodamage and AK receiving up to 4 treatments with the fractionated 1927-nm nonablative thulium laser. RESULTS: At 6 months, an 86.6% reduction in absolute number of lesions was noted by independent physician assessment. In addition, at this same time point, patients reported marked or noticeable improvement in overall photodamage. LIMITATIONS: This prospective study does not provide safety, tolerance, and efficacy data beyond 6 months of follow-up, nor does it identify the precise mechanism of action involved in AK clearance after 1927-nm resurfacing. CONCLUSION: The clinical and histologic findings, as well as the reported patient satisfaction and safety, suggest that the treatment of AK and photodamage with a fractionated 1927-nm nonablative thulium laser is a promising new therapeutic option.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pulsed dye laser treatment often results in port-wine stain (PWS) improvement; however, results vary. A frequency-doubled neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser that allows for shorter pulse widths along with large spot sizes and high fluences has been developed for the treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, controlled study was performed in 5 adults with PWS using a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (Excel V; Cutera Inc, Brisbane, CA) in 4 quadrants, using spot sizes of 6 to 10 mm, fluences of 4.8 to 9 J/cm2, and pulse durations of 3 to 6 ms. An adjacent control area was not treated. Each was assessed immediately posttreatment for purpura and edema and at 1 month for PWS color, size, texture, and thickness. Skin biopsies obtained immediately after and at 1 month posttreatment were evaluated. RESULTS: All treatment quadrants displayed purpura. At 1-month follow-up, all treatment quadrants showed at least 1 grade of color improvement, from a minimum of 1% to 25% to a maximum of 51% to 75% improvement (12/20 quadrants with 1%-25% improvement, 3/20 with 26%-50%, 5/20 with 51%-75%, and 0/20 with 76%-100%). Histologic evaluation of treatment quadrants revealed vascular changes ranging 0.35 to 4 mm in depth. Immediately posttreatment, thrombi and extravasated red blood cells were observed in treatment quadrants. Histology at 1 month revealed decreased number and diameter of vessels in treatment quadrants (superficial vessels decreased by mean 1.1 vessels per section [13%], and diameter by 3.0 mum [47%], midlevel vessels decreased in number by 2.3 [20%], diameter by 2.42 mum [25%], and deep vessels decreased in number by 1.5 [83%], and diameter by 7.44 mum [88%]). CONCLUSIONS: A single treatment with a short pulse width, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser resulted in safe and effective improvement of PWS, with up to 75% improvement in color observed at 1 month. Histologic evaluation demonstrated vascular injury at depths of 0.35 to 4 mm with a reduction in vessel number and size at multiple dermal levels.

BACKGROUND: Port-wine stains (PWS) affect 0.3% to 0.5% of newborns and pulsed dye laser (PDL) remains the treatment of choice. Optimal treatment intervals have not been established. OBJECTIVE: We sought to validate the optimal treatment intervals for the management of facial PWS with PDL. METHODS: In all, 24 infants with facial PWS who received at least 5 treatments with the PDL at 2-, 3-, and 4-week intervals at a private laser and skin surgery center from 2009 to 2010 were identified by a retrospective chart review. Safety and efficacy were compared by blinded investigators. RESULTS: Side effects were equivalent in all interval groups and included only expected short-term erythema, edema, purpura, and mild postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. No patient developed hypopigmentation, scarring, or infection. All interval groups showed 50% to 100% clearance of their PWS after 5 treatments. Complete or near-complete clearance was seen in 6 of 8 (75%) and 7 of 8 (87.5%) patients in the 2- and 3-week interval groups, respectively, as compared with 3 of 8 (37.5%) patients in the 4-week interval group. LIMITATIONS: This was a retrospective chart review from a single institution. Long-term side effects and recurrence rates were not assessed. CONCLUSION: We conclude that PDL treatments at 2-, 3-, and 4-week intervals are effective for the management of facial PWS in infants with minimal short-term side effects. Shorter treatment intervals may allow for relatively more rapid and more effective treatment.

BACKGROUND Given the natural tendency for 15% to 40% of infantile hemangiomas to spontaneously involute over time, much debate surrounds the issue of treatment. Until recently, effective therapies to improve the appearance of residual textural skin changes in these patients were lacking. We suggest the use of ablative fractional resurfacing for the treatment of textural skin changes resulting from involuted hemangiomas. OBSERVATIONS All patients treated with an ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser experienced considerable flattening of the fibrofatty residual tissue, with at least 50% to 75% improvement in color, texture, and overall appearance. CONCLUSION While additional future studies are needed, we believe that ablative fractional resurfacing should be considered for the treatment of textural skin changes associated with involuted infantile hemangiomas.

BACKGROUND While the understanding and technology of laser tattoo removal has advanced much over the last 5 decades, treatments and results remain far from perfect. With currently available devices, treatment courses are often painful and prolonged with mixed results. We describe the successful and rapid treatment of 12 tattoos containing blue and/or green pigment with a novel, picosecond, 755-nm alexandrite laser. OBSERVATIONS All previously untreated multicolored tattoos as well as tattoos recalcitrant to treatment demonstrated at least 75% clearance of blue and green pigment after 1 or 2 treatments with a novel, picosecond, 755-nm alexandrite laser. More than two-thirds of these tattoos approached closer to 100% clearance. CONCLUSIONS While additional future studies are needed, we believe that this new technology is more effective in targeting blue and green pigment, resulting in expedited clearance with less collateral injury to surrounding tissue.

BACKGROUND: Injection of calcium hydroxylapatite filler may result in nodule formation owing to superficial placement of the filler. Calcium hydroxylapatite nodules are difficult to reverse. Previously reported therapeutic options are limited and include intralesional triamcinolone, massage, needling, and excision, each with inconsistent results or potential for scarring. Observation We have observed complete resolution of calcium hydroxylapatite nodules after a single treatment with fractional carbon dioxide laser. CONCLUSIONS: A single session of fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment may resolve selected cases of calcium hydroxylapatite nodules. The mechanism of action may involve conversion of the product into tricalcium phosphates which dissolve readily. This novel therapeutic technique may enhance treatment options for a difficult clinical problem.