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A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating Indigo Carmine as a Visualization Aid for Evaluating Ureteral Patency

Lepor, Herbert; Wiegand, Lucas; Patel, Kalpesh; Du, Wei; Gagnon, Suzanne; ,
OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To determine whether intravenous indigo carmine provides a visualization advantage compared to saline in the evaluation of ureteral patency in a randomized, controlled clinical trial. METHODS:Patients undergoing urological or gynecological surgical procedures in which the patency of the ureter was to be assessed received a saline injection and were randomized to receive 2.5 mL or 5.0 mL of indigo carmine. Blinded video assessments were conducted by independent reviewers using a conspicuity scale ranked 1 (poorest) to 5 (best), and subjects with scores ≥ 3 and at least a +1-point difference from saline were considered responders. Time to visualization was recorded for indigo carmine. A responder analysis evaluated whether indigo carmine showed improved visualization. RESULTS:There were 96 ureters evaluated with the 5.0 mL dose of indigo carmine, 92 with the 2.5 mL dose, and 180 with saline. Most ureters were scored a 4 or higher on the conspicuity scale following indigo carmine; both doses were significantly better than saline (p<0.0001). Overall, 92.3% of patients were rated as a responder for either ureter. The median time to visualization of blue color was not significantly different (6.0 minutes in the 5.0 mL group and 5.9 minutes in the 2.5 mL group). There were no adverse events related to indigo carmine use. CONCLUSIONS:Both dose levels of indigo carmine were significantly better than saline as a visualization aid for ureter patency.
PMID: 38061609
ISSN: 1527-9995
CID: 5591382

Patient-reported prostate cancer treatment regret following primary partial gland cryoablation

Lepor, Herbert; Rapoport, Eli; Gogaj, Rozalba; Hernandez, Hunter; Wysock, James S
BACKGROUND:Prostate cancer treatment-related regret (TRR) incorporates the myriad effects of diagnosis and treatment with associated behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal changes within the context of patient values and expectations. We aimed to investigate TRR following primary partial gland cryoablation (PPGCA). METHODS:Men with prostate cancer undergoing PPGCA since 3/2017 enrolled in a prospective outcome registry. Between June and August 2022, a validated prostate cancer related TRR decision scale was distributed. TRR score ≥40 was considered significant TRR. Men were considered potent if they reported ability to have penetration at least half the time sexual intercourse was initiated. Associations between significant TRR and baseline characteristics and longitudinal outcomes were assessed using logistic regressions. RESULTS:Of 245 men who met inclusion criteria, 163 (67%) completed the survey with median time since cryoablation 2.3 years (IQR: 1.3, 3.6). Overall, the mean composite TRR score was 12.4/100. Significant TRR was expressed by 14% of men. Among those who were potent/had erectile function at baseline, loss of potency and erectile function were associated with higher probability of significant TRR, respectively. No associations were identified between TRR and recurrence of clinically significant prostate cancer or salvage treatment. CONCLUSIONS:The overwhelming majority of men do not express TRR following PPGCA. The loss of potency or development of erectile dysfunction predisposes to TRR. It is imperative to elucidate short-, intermediate- and long-term functional and oncological outcomes in order to define factors associated with TRR to improve counseling and reduce patient regret.
PMID: 38065805
ISSN: 1873-2496
CID: 5591622

Primary Whole-gland Ablation for the Treatment of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: A Focal Therapy Society Best Practice Statement

Deivasigamani, Sriram; Kotamarti, Srinath; Rastinehad, Ardeshir R; Salas, Rafael Sanchez; de la Rosette, J J M C H; Lepor, Herbert; Pinto, Peter; Ahmed, Hashim U; Gill, Inderbir; Klotz, Laurence; Taneja, Samir S; Emberton, Mark; Lawrentschuk, Nathan; Wysock, James; Feller, John F; Crouzet, Sebastien; Kumar M, Praveen; Seguier, Denis; Adams, Eric S; Michael, Zoe; Abreu, Andre; Jack Tay, Kae; Ward, John F; Shinohara, Katsuto; Katz, Aaron E; Villers, Arnauld; Chin, Joseph L; Stricker, Phillip D; Baco, Eduard; Macek, Petr; Ahmad, Ardalan E; Chiu, Peter K F; Crawford, E David; Rogers, Craig G; Futterer, Jurgen J; Rais-Bahrami, Soroush; Robertson, Cary N; Hadaschik, Boris; Marra, Giancarlo; Valerio, Massimo; Chong, Kian Tai; Kasivisvanathan, Veeru; Tan, Wei Phin; Lomas, Derek; Walz, Jochen; Guimaraes, Gustavo Cardoso; Mertziotis, Nikos I; Becher, Ezequiel; Finelli, Antonio; Kasraeian, Ali; Lebastchi, Amir H; Vora, Anup; Rosen, Mark A; Bakir, Baris; Arcot, Rohit; Yee, Samuel; Netsch, Christopher; Meng, Xiaosong; de Reijke, Theo M; Tan, Yu Guang; Regusci, Stefano; Benjamin, Tavya G R; Olivares, Ruben; Noureldin, Mohamed; Bianco, Fernando J; Sivaraman, Arjun; Kim, Fernando J; Given, Robert W; Dason, Shawn; Sheetz, Tyler J; Shoji, Sunao; Schulman, Ariel; Royce, Peter; Shah, Taimur T; Scionti, Stephen; Salomon, Georg; Laguna, Pilar; Tourinho-Barbosa, Rafael; Aminsharifi, Alireza; Cathelineau, Xavier; Gontero, Paolo; Stabile, Armando; Grummet, Jeremy; Ledbetter, Leila; Graton, Margaret; Stephen Jones, J; Polascik, Thomas J
CONTEXT/BACKGROUND:Whole-gland ablation is a feasible and effective minimally invasive treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa). Previous systematic reviews supported evidence for favorable functional outcomes, but oncological outcomes were inconclusive owing to limited follow-up. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the real-world data on the mid- to long-term oncological and functional outcomes of whole-gland cryoablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in patients with clinically localized PCa, and to provide expert recommendations and commentary on these findings. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION/METHODS:We performed a systematic review of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library publications through February 2022 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. As endpoints, baseline clinical characteristics, and oncological and functional outcomes were assessed. To estimate the pooled prevalence of oncological, functional, and toxicity outcomes, and to quantify and explain the heterogeneity, random-effect meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were performed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS/RESULTS:Twenty-nine studies were identified, including 14 on cryoablation and 15 on HIFU with a median follow-up of 72 mo. Most of the studies were retrospective (n = 23), with IDEAL (idea, development, exploration, assessment, and long-term study) stage 2b (n = 20) being most common. Biochemical recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival, overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and metastasis-free survival rates at 10 yr were 58%, 96%, 63%, 71-79%, and 84%, respectively. Erectile function was preserved in 37% of cases, and overall pad-free continence was achieved in 96% of cases, with a 1-yr rate of 97.4-98.8%. The rates of stricture, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, rectourethral fistula, and sepsis were observed to be 11%, 9.5%, 8%, 0.7%, and 0.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The mid- to long-term real-world data, and the safety profiles of cryoablation and HIFU are sound to support and be offered as primary treatment for appropriate patients with localized PCa. When compared with other existing treatment modalities for PCa, these ablative therapies provide nearly equivalent intermediate- to long-term oncological and toxicity outcomes, as well as excellent pad-free continence rates in the primary setting. This real-world clinical evidence provides long-term oncological and functional outcomes that enhance shared decision-making when balancing risks and expected outcomes that reflect patient preferences and values. PATIENT SUMMARY/RESULTS:Cryoablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound are minimally invasive treatments available to selectively treat localized prostate cancer, considering their nearly comparable intermediate- to long term cancer control and preservation of urinary continence to other radical treatments in the primary setting. However, a well-informed decision should be made based on one's values and preferences.
PMID: 37419773
ISSN: 1873-7560
CID: 5539512

Legends in Urology V30I06

Lepor, Herbert
PMID: 38104327
ISSN: 1195-9479
CID: 5612542

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for the Curative Treatment of Prostate Cancer in Ultralarge (≥100 cc) Glands

Hurwitz, Joshua C; Haas, Jonathan; Mendez, Christopher; Sanchez, Astrid; Santos, Vianca F; Akerman, Meredith; Carpenter, Todd; Tam, Moses; Katz, Aaron; Corcoran, Anthony; Mahadevan, Anand; Taneja, Samir S; Lepor, Herbert; Lischalk, Jonathan W
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Historically, toxicity concerns have existed in patients with large prostate glands treated with radiation therapy, particularly brachytherapy. There are questions whether this risk extends to stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). In this retrospective review, we examine clinical outcomes of patients with prostate glands ≥100 cc treated curatively with SBRT. METHODS AND MATERIALS/METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed a large institutional database to identify patients with histologically confirmed localized prostate cancer in glands ≥100 cc, who were treated with definitive-robotic SBRT. Prostate volume (PV) was determined by treatment planning magnetic resonance imaging. Toxicity was measured using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5.0. Many patients received the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Quality of Life questionnaires. Minimum follow-up (FU) was 2 years. RESULTS:Seventy-one patients were identified with PV ≥100 cc. Most had grade group (GG) 1 or 2 (41% and 37%, respectively) disease. All patients received a total dose of 3500 to 3625 cGy in 5 fractions. A minority (27%) received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which was used for gland size downsizing in only 10% of cases. Nearly half (45%) were taking GU medications for urinary dysfunction before RT. Median toxicity FU was 4.0 years. Two-year rates of grade 1+ genitourinary (GU), grade 1+ gastrointestinal (GI), and grade 2+ GU toxicity were 43.5%, 15.9%, and 30.4%, respectively. Total grade 3 GU toxicities were very limited (2.8%). There were no grade 3 GI toxicities. On logistic regression analysis, pretreatment use of GU medications was significantly associated with increased rate of grade 2+ GU toxicity (odds ratio, 3.19; P = .024). Furthermore, PV (analyzed as a continuous variable) did not have an effect on toxicity, quality of life, or oncologic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS:With early FU, ultra large prostate glands do not portend increased risk of high-grade toxicity after SBRT but likely carry an elevated risk of low-grade GU toxicity.
PMID: 37984713
ISSN: 1879-8519
CID: 5608362

Reply by Authors [Comment]

Wysock, James S; Rapoport, Eli; Hernandez, Hunter; Gogaj, Rozalba; Lepor, Herbert
PMID: 37555599
ISSN: 1527-3792
CID: 5619072

Biopsy Assessment of Oncologic Control 3 Years Following Primary Partial Gland Cryoablation: A Prospective Cohort Study of Men With Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer

Wysock, James S; Rapoport, Eli; Hernandez, Hunter; Gogaj, Rozalba; Lepor, Herbert
PURPOSE:We evaluated 3-year oncologic outcomes following primary partial gland cryoablation. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Men with unilateral intermediate-risk prostate cancer undergoing primary partial gland cryoablation since March 2017 enrolled in a prospective outcome registry. The postablation protocol for all men included surveillance prostate biopsy at 2 years postablation and reflex prostate biopsy for cases with high suspicion of recurrence (eg, progressive rise in PSA). Recurrence of clinically significant prostate cancer was defined as any Gleason grade group ≥2 disease on postablation biopsy. Freedom from failure represented no whole gland salvage treatment, metastatic prostate cancer, or prostate cancer mortality. Freedom from recurrence and freedom from failure were characterized using nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators. RESULTS:A total of 132 men had at least 24 months of follow-up data. Biopsies identified clinically significant prostate cancer in 12 men. At 36 months, model-estimated rates of freedom from recurrence of in-field, out-of-field, and overall clinically significant cancer were 97% (95% CI: 92-100), 87% (95% CI: 80-94), and 86% (95% CI: 78-93), respectively. The model-estimated proportion with freedom from failure at 36 months was 97% (95% CI: 93-100). CONCLUSIONS:The low in-field cancer detection rate at 3 years indicates successful ablation of localized cancers. Conversely, our observed out-of-field detection rate highlights the need for continued surveillance following partial gland cryoablation. Many of these recurrences exhibited very low volume of clinically significant disease below the detection threshold of multiparametric MRI, suggesting a limited role for multiparametric MRI in detecting clinically significant recurrences at 2 years. These findings emphasize the need for long-term surveillance and identification of predictors of clinically significant prostate cancer recurrences to guide biopsy timing.
PMID: 37285232
ISSN: 1527-3792
CID: 5594592

Salvage Cryoablation and Robotic Seminal Vesiculectomy: A Novel Salvage Treatment for Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer

Smigelski, Michael B; Wysock, James; Taneja, Samir S; Lepor, Herbert
PMID: 37300480
ISSN: 1557-900x
CID: 5594642

Single-cell analysis of localized prostate cancer patients links high Gleason score with an immunosuppressive profile

Adorno Febles, Victor R; Hao, Yuan; Ahsan, Aarif; Wu, Jiansheng; Qian, Yingzhi; Zhong, Hua; Loeb, Stacy; Makarov, Danil V; Lepor, Herbert; Wysock, James; Taneja, Samir S; Huang, William C; Becker, Daniel J; Balar, Arjun V; Melamed, Jonathan; Deng, Fang-Ming; Ren, Qinghu; Kufe, Donald; Wong, Kwok-Kin; Adeegbe, Dennis O; Deng, Jiehui; Wise, David R
BACKGROUND:Evading immune surveillance is a hallmark for the development of multiple cancer types. Whether immune evasion contributes to the pathogenesis of high-grade prostate cancer (HGPCa) remains an area of active inquiry. METHODS:Through single-cell RNA sequencing and multicolor flow cytometry of freshly isolated prostatectomy specimens and matched peripheral blood, we aimed to characterize the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) of localized prostate cancer (PCa), including HGPCa and low-grade prostate cancer (LGPCa). RESULTS: TILs. The PCa TME was infiltrated by macrophages but these did not clearly cluster by M1 and M2 markers. CONCLUSIONS:T cell exhaustion in localized PCa, a finding enriched in HGPCa relative to LGPCa. These studies suggest a possible link between the clinical-pathologic risk of PCa and the associated TME. Our results have implications for our understanding of the immunologic mechanisms of PCa pathogenesis and the implementation of immunotherapy for localized PCa.
PMID: 36988342
ISSN: 1097-0045
CID: 5463282

Prostate magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy global grade correlates better than highest grade with prostatectomy grade

Ren, Joyce; Melamed, Jonathan; Taneja, Samir S; Wysock, James S; Huang, William C; Lepor, Herbert; Deng, Fang-Ming
BACKGROUND:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted prostate biopsy has become an increasingly common method of diagnosing prostate cancer. A previous study from our institution demonstrated that the biopsy global Grade Group (gGG, aggregate GG of all positive cores) and highest Grade Group (hGG in any core) both show substantial concordance with the Grade Group at radical prostatectomy (RPGG) while the discordance predominantly consists of upgrading in gGG and downgrading in hGG. We performed a larger cohort study focused on biopsy cases in which gGG and hGG differ, to determine their relative concordance with RPGG. METHODS:We conducted a retrospective review of radical prostatectomy specimens with prior MRI-targeted biopsies from our institution between 2016 and 2020. Separate gGG and hGG were assigned to each MRI-targeted lesion. Targeted lesions with different gGG versus hGG were segregated from those with identical gGG and hGG. The concordance of biopsy GG with RPGG was evaluated using κ coefficient analysis. RESULTS:Of the 489 lesions with MRI-targeted biopsies, 82 (17%) differed in gGG versus hGG. The gGG of 46 (56%), 33 (40%), and 3 (4%) lesions were unchanged, upgraded, and downgraded at radical prostatectomy, respectively (κ= 0.302, weighted κ = 0.334). The hGG of 24 (29%), 9 (11%), and 49 (60%) lesions were unchanged, upgraded, and downgraded at radical prostatectomy, respectively (κ = 0.040, weighted κ = 0.198). When stratified by the biopsy GG, gGG showed the highest concordance in GG2 (61%) and GG3 (54%) lesions. The hGG resulted in substantial downgrading (60%) with less optimal concordance regardless of the biopsy GG. Neither the prebiopsy prostate specific antigen level nor the PI-RADS score was predictive of upgrading of gGG. CONCLUSIONS:When gGG and hGG differ, gGG method more accurately predicts the RPGG than hGG, particularly in GG2 and GG3 lesions which comprised the majority of targeted lesions.
PMID: 36461793
ISSN: 1097-0045
CID: 5374232