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Evidence for the Association Between Adverse Childhood Family Environment, Child Abuse, and Caregiver Warmth and Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Ortiz, Robin; Kershaw, Kiarri N; Zhao, Songzhu; Kline, David; Brock, Guy; Jaffee, Sara; Golden, Sherita H; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Carroll, Judith; Seeman, Teresa E; Joseph, Joshua J
BACKGROUND/UNASSIGNED:This study aimed to quantify the association between childhood family environment and longitudinal cardiovascular health (CVH) in adult CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) Study participants. We further investigated whether the association differs by adult income. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:We applied the CVH framework from the American Heart Association including metrics for smoking, cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose, body mass index, physical activity, and diet. CVH scores (range, 0-14) were calculated at years 0, 7, and 20 of the study. Risky Family environment (range, 7-28) was assessed at year 15 retrospectively, for childhood experiences of abuse, caregiver warmth, and family or household challenges. Complete case ordinal logistic regression and mixed models associated risky family (exposure) with CVH (outcome), adjusting for age, sex, race, and alcohol use. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:The sample (n=2074) had a mean age of 25.3 (±3.5) years and 56% females at baseline. The median risky family was 10 with ideal CVH (≥12) met by 288 individuals at baseline (28.4%) and 165 (16.3%) at year 20. Longitudinally, for every 1-unit greater risky family, the odds of attaining high CVH (≥10) decreased by 3.6% (OR, 0.9645 [95% CI, 0.94-0.98]). Each unit greater child abuse and caregiver warmth score corresponded to 12.8% lower and 11.7% higher odds of ideal CVH (≥10), respectively (OR, 0.872 [95% CI, 0.77-0.99]; OR, 1.1165 [95% CI, 1.01-1.24]), across all 20 years of follow-up. Stratified analyses by income in adulthood demonstrated associations between risky family environment and CVH remained significant for those of the highest adult income (>$74k), but not the lowest (<$35k). CONCLUSIONS/UNASSIGNED:Although risky family environmental factors in childhood increase the odds of poor longitudinal adult CVH, caregiver warmth may increase the odds of CVH, and socioeconomic attainment in adulthood may contextualize the level of risk. Toward a paradigm of primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease, childhood exposures and economic opportunity may play a crucial role in CVH across the life course.
PMID: 38258561
ISSN: 1941-7705
CID: 5624812

Assets for integrating task-sharing strategies for hypertension within HIV clinics: Stakeholder's perspectives using the PEN-3 cultural model

Iwelunmor, Juliet; Maureen Obionu, Ifeoma; Shedul, Gabriel; Anyiekere, Ekanem; Henry, Daniel; Aifah, Angela; Obiezu-Umeh, Chisom; Nwaozuru, Ucheoma; Onakomaiya, Deborah; Rakhra, Ashlin; Mishra, Shivani; Hade, Erinn M; Kanneh, Nafesa; Lew, Daphne; Bansal, Geetha P; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Ojji, Dike
BACKGROUND:Access to antiretroviral therapy has increased life expectancy and survival among people living with HIV (PLWH) in African countries like Nigeria. Unfortunately, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases are on the rise as important drivers of morbidity and mortality rates among this group. The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of key stakeholders in Nigeria on the integration of evidence-based task-sharing strategies for hypertension care (TASSH) within existing HIV clinics in Nigeria. METHODS:Stakeholders representing PLWH, patient advocates, health care professionals (i.e. community health nurses, physicians and chief medical officers), as well as policymakers, completed in-depth qualitative interviews. Stakeholders were asked to discuss facilitators and barriers likely to influence the integration of TASSH within HIV clinics in Akwa Ibom, Nigeria. The interviews were transcribed, keywords and phrases were coded using the PEN-3 cultural model as a guide. Framework thematic analysis guided by the PEN-3 cultural model was used to identify emergent themes. RESULTS:Twenty-four stakeholders participated in the interviews. Analysis of the transcribed data using the PEN-3 cultural model as a guide yielded three emergent themes as assets for the integration of TASSH in existing HIV clinics. The themes identified are: 1) extending continuity of care among PLWH; 2) empowering health care professionals and 3) enhancing existing workflow, staff motivation, and stakeholder advocacy to strengthen the capacity of HIV clinics to integrate TASSH. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:These findings advance the field by providing key stakeholders with knowledge of assets within HIV clinics that can be harnessed to enhance the integration of TASSH for PLWH in Nigeria. Future studies should evaluate the effect of these assets on the implementation of TASSH within HIV clinics as well as their effect on patient-level outcomes over time.
PMCID:10760724
PMID: 38165888
ISSN: 1932-6203
CID: 5626002

Roadmap for embedding health equity research into learning health systems

Schoenthaler, Antoinette; Francois, Fritz; Cho, Ilseung; Ogedegbe, Gbenga
BACKGROUND:, a diverse workforce alone is not sufficient; rather holistic health equity should be established as the anchoring principal mission of all academic medical centres, residing at the intersection of clinical care, education, research and community. METHODS:, which serves as the organising framework through which we conduct embedded pragmatic research in our healthcare delivery system to target and eliminate health inequities across our tripartite mission of patient care, medical education and research. RESULTS:. These elements include: (1) developing processes for collecting accurate disaggregate data on race, ethnicity and language, sexual orientation and gender identity and disability; (2) using a data-driven approach to identify health equity gaps; (3) creating performance and metric-based quality improvement goals to measure progress toward elimination of health equity gaps; (4) investigating the root cause of the identified health equity gap; (5) developing and evaluating evidence-based solutions to address and resolve the inequities; and (6) continuous monitoring and feedback for system improvements. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:can provide a model for how academic medical centres can use pragmatic research to embed a culture of health equity into their health system.
PMID: 37328265
ISSN: 2398-631x
CID: 5613312

SMS text intervention for uncontrolled hypertension among hypertensive homeless adults in shelter clinics of New York City: protocol for a pragmatic randomised trial study

Asgary, Ramin; Bauder, Leah; Naderi, Rosanna; Ogedegbe, Gbenga
INTRODUCTION:Uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) is prevalent in persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) and contributes to significant suffering and financial cost. Mobile health approaches such as short messaging service (SMS) texting have led to better control of HTN in the general population. Despite the high utilisation of mobile phones by PEH, SMS texting to support HTN control has not been evaluated among this population. We hypothesise that an SMS testing programme will enhance health communication, information management, outreach and care coordination, and provide behavioural support to address some barriers to HTN management in PEH. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:This study will use a mixed-methods study design to address two objectives: First, it will evaluate, in a randomised controlled trial, the efficacy of a 6-month SMS texting strategy vs an attention control on blood pressure reduction and adherence to medications and clinical appointments in 120 adults PEH with uncontrolled HTN. Outcomes will be measured at 0, 2, 4 and 6 months. Second, it will assess patients' and providers' acceptability and experience of SMS texting using semistructured interviews with PEH (n=30) and providers (n=10). The study will be conducted in shelter clinics in New York City in collaboration with community organisations. The primary statistical analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis. The trial results will be reported as comparative summary statistics (difference in response rate or means) with 95% CIs and in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). Interviews will be transcribed, coded and analysed using an inductive grounded theory analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at George Washington University. Written consent will be obtained from participants. The findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:NCT05187013.
PMCID:10619124
PMID: 37903607
ISSN: 2044-6055
CID: 5614432

IDEAL: A Community-Academic-Governmental Collaboration Toward Improving Evidence-Based Data Collection on Race and Ethnicity

Kader, Farah; Ðoàn, Lan N; Chin, Matthew K; Scherer, Maya; Cárdenas, Luisa; Feng, Lloyd; Leung, Vanessa; Gundanna, Anita; Lee, Matthew; Russo, Rienna; Ogedegbe, Olugbenga G; John, Iyanrick; Cho, Ilseung; Kwon, Simona C; Yi, Stella S
PMCID:10599325
PMID: 37824700
ISSN: 1545-1151
CID: 5603912

Training primary healthcare workers on a task-strengthening strategy for integrating hypertension management into HIV care in Nigeria: implementation strategies, knowledge uptake, and lessons learned

Oladele, David Ayoola; Odusola, Aina Olufemi; Odubela, Oluwatosin; Nwaozuru, Ucheoma; Calvin, Colvin; Musa, Zaidat; Idigbe, Ifeoma; Nwakwo, Chioma; Odejobi, Yemi; Aifah, Angela; Kanneh, Nafesa; Mishra, Shivani; Onakomaiya, Deborah; Iwelunmor, Juliet; Ogedegbe, Olugbenga; Ezechi, Oliver
BACKGROUND:With improved access to anti-retroviral drugs, persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are living longer but with attendant increased risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The increasing burden of NCDs, especially hypertension, could reverse gains attributed to HIV care. Nurses and Community Health Officers (CHO) in Nigeria are cardinal in delivering primary health care. A task-strengthening strategy could enable them to manage hypertension in HIV care settings. This study aimed to assess their knowledge and practice of hypertension management among Healthcare workers (HCWs) and to explore the challenges involved in conducting onsite training during pandemics. METHODS:Nurses and CHOs in the employment of the Lagos State Primary Health Care Board (LSPHCB), Lagos State, Nigeria, were recruited. They were trained through hybrid (virtual and onsite) modules before study implementation and a series of refresher trainings. A pre-and post-training test survey was administered, followed by qualitative interviews to assess skills and knowledge uptake, the potential barriers and facilitators of task-sharing in hypertension management in HIV clinics, and the lessons learned. RESULTS:Sixty HCWs participated in the two-day training at baseline. There was a significant improvement in the trainees' knowledge of hypertension management and control. The average score during the pre-test and post-test was 59% and 67.6%, respectively. While about 75% of the participants had a good knowledge of hypertension, its cause, symptoms, and management, 20% had moderate knowledge, and 5% had poor knowledge at baseline. There was also an increase in the mean score between the pre-test and post-test of the refresher training using paired t-tests (P < 0.05). Role-playing and multimedia video use improved the participants' uptake of the training. The primary barrier and facilitator of task sharing strategy in hypertension management reported were poor delineation of duties among HCWs and the existing task shifting at the Primary Healthcare Centres (PHC) level, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The task strengthening strategy is relevant in managing hypertension in HIV clinics in Nigeria. The capacity development training for the nurses and CHOs involved in the Integration of Hypertension Management into HIV Care in Nigeria: A Task Strengthening Strategy (TASSH-Nigeria) study yielded the requisite improvement in knowledge uptake, which is a reassurance of the delivery of the project outcomes at the PHCs.
PMCID:10286327
PMID: 37344869
ISSN: 1472-6963
CID: 5538462

Analysis of the 2007-2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS): Examining Neurological Complications among Children with Sickle Cell Disease in the United States

Peprah, Emmanuel; Gyamfi, Joyce; Lee, Justin Tyler; Islam, Farha; Opeyemi, Jumoke; Tampubolon, Siphra; Ojo, Temitope; Qiao, Wanqiu; Mai, Andi; Wang, Cong; Vieira, Dorice; Meda, Shreya; Adenikinju, Deborah; Osei-Tutu, Nana; Ryan, Nessa; Ogedegbe, Gbenga
This study compared neurological complications among a national sample of United States children with or without sickle cell disease (SCD) and evaluated health status, healthcare and special education utilization patterns, barriers to care, and association of SCD status and demographics/socioeconomic status (SES) on comorbidities and healthcare utilization. Data was acquired from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Sample Child Core questionnaire 2007-2018 dataset that included 133,542 children. An affirmation from the guardian of the child determined the presence of SCD. Regression analysis was used to compare the associations between SCD and demographics/SES on neurological conditions at p < 0.05. Furthermore, adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were estimated for having various neurological conditions. Of the 133,481 children included in the NHIS, the mean age was 8.5 years (SD: 0.02) and 215 had SCD. Of the children with SCD, the sample composition included male (n = 110), and Black (n = 82%). The SCD sample had higher odds of having neuro-developmental conditions (p < 0.1). Families of Black children (55% weighted) reported household incomes < 100% of federal poverty level. Black children were more likely to experience longer wait times to see the doctor (AOR, 0.3; CI 0.1-1.1). Compared to children without SCD, those with SCD had a greater chance of seeing a medical specialist within 12 months (AOR 2.3; CI 1.5-3.7). This representative sample of US children with SCD shows higher odds of developing neurological complications, increased healthcare and special education services utilization, with Black children experiencing a disproportionate burden. This creates the urgency to address the health burden for children with SCD by implementing interventions in healthcare and increasing education assistance programs to combat neurocognitive impairments, especially among Black children.
PMCID:10298081
PMID: 37372724
ISSN: 1660-4601
CID: 5538622

Study design and protocol of a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial using a practical implementation strategy as a model for hypertension-HIV integration - the MAP-IT trial

Aifah, Angela A; Hade, Erinn M; Colvin, Calvin; Henry, Daniel; Mishra, Shivani; Rakhra, Ashlin; Onakomaiya, Deborah; Ekanem, Anyiekere; Shedul, Gabriel; Bansal, Geetha P; Lew, Daphne; Kanneh, Nafesa; Osagie, Samuel; Udoh, Ememobong; Okon, Esther; Iwelunmor, Juliet; Attah, Angela; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Ojji, Dike
BACKGROUND:As people living with HIV (PLWH) experience earlier and more pronounced onset of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), advancing integrated care networks and models in low-resource-high-need settings is critical. Leveraging current health system initiatives and addressing gaps in treatment for PLWH, we report our approach using a late-stage (T4) implementation research study to test the adoption and sustainability of a proven-effective implementation strategy which has been minimally applied in low-resource settings for the integration of hypertension control into HIV treatment. We detail our protocol for the Managing Hypertension Among People Living with HIV: an Integrated Model (MAP-IT) trial, which uses a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial (SW-CRT) design to evaluate the effectiveness of practice facilitation on the adoption of a hypertension treatment program for PLWH receiving care at primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. DESIGN:In partnership with the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) and community organizations, the MAP-IT trial takes place in 30 PHCs. The i-PARiHS framework guided pre-implementation needs assessment. The RE-AIM framework will guide post-implementation activities to evaluate the effect of practice facilitation on the adoption, implementation fidelity, and sustainability of a hypertension program, as well as blood pressure (BP) control. Using a SW-CRT design, PHCs sequentially crossover from the hypertension program only (usual care) to hypertension plus practice facilitation (experimental condition). PHCs will recruit and enroll an average of 28-32 patients to reach a maximum of 960 PLWH participants with uncontrolled hypertension who will be followed longitudinally for BP outcomes. DISCUSSION:Given the need for integrated NCD-HIV care platforms in low-resource settings, MAP-IT will underscore the challenges and opportunities for integrating hypertension treatment into HIV care, particularly concerning adoption and sustainability. The evaluation of our integration approach will also highlight the potential impact of a health systems strengthening approach on BP control among PLWH. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT05031819 ). Registered on 2nd September 2021.
PMCID:10173657
PMID: 37165382
ISSN: 1748-5908
CID: 5503342

Organizational readiness to implement task-strengthening strategy for hypertension management among people living with HIV in Nigeria

Iwelunmor, Juliet; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Dulli, Lisa; Aifah, Angela; Nwaozuru, Ucheoma; Obiezu-Umeh, Chisom; Onakomaiya, Deborah; Rakhra, Ashlin; Mishra, Shivani; Colvin, Calvin L; Adeoti, Ebenezer; Badejo, Okikiolu; Murray, Kate; Uguru, Henry; Shedul, Gabriel; Hade, Erinn M; Henry, Daniel; Igbong, Ayei; Lew, Daphne; Bansal, Geetha P; Ojji, Dike
BACKGROUND:Hypertension (HTN) is highly prevalent among people living with HIV (PLHIV), but there is limited access to standardized HTN management strategies in public primary healthcare facilities in Nigeria. The shortage of trained healthcare providers in Nigeria is an important contributor to the increased unmet need for HTN management among PLHIV. Evidence-based TAsk-Strengthening Strategies for HTN control (TASSH) have shown promise to address this gap in other resource-constrained settings. However, little is known regarding primary health care facilities' capacity to implement this strategy. The objective of this study was to determine primary healthcare facilities' readiness to implement TASSH among PLHIV in Nigeria. METHODS:This study was conducted with purposively selected healthcare providers at fifty-nine primary healthcare facilities in Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria. Healthcare facility readiness data were measured using the Organizational Readiness to Change Assessment (ORCA) tool. ORCA is based on the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework that identifies evidence, context, and facilitation as the key factors for effective knowledge translation. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (including mean ORCA subscales). We focused on the ORCA context domain, and responses were scored on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 corresponding to disagree strongly. FINDINGS/RESULTS:Fifty-nine healthcare providers (mean age 45; standard deviation [SD]: 7.4, 88% female, 68% with technical training, 56% nurses, 56% with 1-5 years providing HIV care) participated in the study. Most healthcare providers provide care to 11-30 patients living with HIV per month in their health facility, with about 42% of providers reporting that they see between 1 and 10 patients with HTN each month. Overall, staff culture (mean 4.9 [0.4]), leadership support (mean 4.9 [0.4]), and measurement/evidence-assessment (mean 4.6 [0.5]) were the topped-scored ORCA subscales, while scores on facility resources (mean 3.6 [0.8]) were the lowest. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Findings show organizational support for innovation and the health providers at the participating health facilities. However, a concerted effort is needed to promote training capabilities and resources to deliver services within these primary healthcare facilities. These results are invaluable in developing future strategies to improve the integration, adoption, and sustainability of TASSH in primary healthcare facilities in Nigeria. TRIAL REGISTRATION/BACKGROUND:NCT05031819.
PMCID:10157928
PMID: 37143131
ISSN: 2662-2211
CID: 5544952

Tracking adaptation strategies of an HIV prevention intervention among youth in Nigeria: a theoretically informed case study analysis of the 4 Youth by Youth Project

Iwelunmor, Juliet; Ezechi, Oliver; Obiezu-Umeh, Chisom; Gbaja-Biamila, Titilola; Musa, Adesola Z; Nwaozuru, Ucheoma; Obasi, Nnamdi; Ojo, Victor; Xian, Hong; Oladele, David; Airhihenbuwa, Collins O; Muessig, Kathryn; Rosenberg, Nora; Conserve, Donaldson F; Ong, Jason J; Nkengasong, Susan; Tahlil, Kadija M; BeLue, Rhonda; Engelhart, Alexis; Mason, Stacey; Tang, Weiming; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Tucker, Joseph D
BACKGROUND:Although many behavioral interventions are adapted, little is known about the reasons for adaptations and the process and outcomes influencing adaptations. To address this gap, we explored the adaptations made to promote HIV prevention services, including HIV self-testing (HIVST), among Nigerian youth. METHODS:The main objective of this qualitative case study design was to document the adaptations made over time using the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications - Expanded (FRAME). Between 2018 and 2020, we organized four participatory activities as part of the 4 Youth by Youth project to increase the uptake of HIVST services in Nigeria-an open call, a designathon, a capacity-building bootcamp and a pilot feasibility trial. We also began the process of implementing a final intervention using a pragmatic randomized control trial (RCT). The open call solicited creative strategies to promote HIVST among Nigerian youth and then had experts evaluate them. The designathon brought together youth teams to further develop their HIVST service strategies into implementation protocols. Teams determined to be exceptional were invited to a four-week capacity-building bootcamp. The five teams that emerged from the bootcamp were supported to pilot their HIVST service strategies over a 6-month period. The adapted intervention is currently being evaluated in a pragmatic RCT. We transcribed meeting reports and conducted document reviews of study protocols and training manuals. RESULTS:Sixteen adaptations were identified and categorized into three domains: (1) modifications to the content of the intervention (i.e. photo verification system and/or Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) system to verify HIVST); (2) modifications to the delivery the intervention (i.e. implement participatory learning community sessions to provide supportive supervision and technical support); (3) modifications to the evaluation processes (i.e. economic evaluation to estimate the cost of implementing intervention on a larger scale). Frequent reasons for adaptation included increasing intervention reach, modifying interventions to enhance their appropriateness and fit with the recipient, and increasing the intervention's feasibility and acceptability. Most adaptations were planned and reactive, and the need for modifications was determined by the youths, 4YBY program staff, and advisory group. CONCLUSIONS:Findings suggest that the nature of adaptations made throughout the implementation process reflects the necessity of evaluating services in context while adjusting to specific challenges as they are identified. Further research is needed to understand the effect of these adaptations on the overall intervention effect as well as the quality of youth engagement.
PMCID:10131455
PMID: 37101190
ISSN: 2662-2211
CID: 5465222