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High-resolution imaging of protein secretion at the single-cell level using plasmon-enhanced FluoroDOT assay

Seth, Anushree; Mittal, Ekansh; Luan, Jingyi; Kolla, Samhitha; Mazer, Monty B; Joshi, Hemant; Gupta, Rohit; Rathi, Priya; Wang, Zheyu; Morrissey, Jeremiah J; Ernst, Joel D; Portal-Celhay, Cynthia; Morley, Sharon Celeste; Philips, Jennifer A; Singamaneni, Srikanth
Secreted proteins mediate essential physiological processes. With conventional assays, it is challenging to map the spatial distribution of proteins secreted by single cells, to study cell-to-cell heterogeneity in secretion, or to detect proteins of low abundance or incipient secretion. Here, we introduce the "FluoroDOT assay," which uses an ultrabright nanoparticle plasmonic-fluor that enables high-resolution imaging of protein secretion. We find that plasmonic-fluors are 16,000-fold brighter, with nearly 30-fold higher signal-to-noise compared with conventional fluorescence labels. We demonstrate high-resolution imaging of different secreted cytokines in the single-plexed and spectrally multiplexed FluoroDOT assay that revealed cellular heterogeneity in secretion of multiple proteins simultaneously. Using diverse biochemical stimuli, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and a variety of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and DC-T cell co-culture, we demonstrate that the assay is versatile, facile, and widely adaptable for enhancing biological understanding of spatial and temporal dynamics of single-cell secretome.
PMCID:9421537
PMID: 36046626
ISSN: 2667-2375
CID: 5337762

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

Klionsky, Daniel J; Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal; Abdelfatah, Sara; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Abdoli, Asghar; Abel, Steffen; Abeliovich, Hagai; Abildgaard, Marie H; Abudu, Yakubu Princely; Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham; Adamopoulos, Iannis E; Adeli, Khosrow; Adolph, Timon E; Adornetto, Annagrazia; Aflaki, Elma; Agam, Galila; Agarwal, Anupam; Aggarwal, Bharat B; Agnello, Maria; Agostinis, Patrizia; Agrewala, Javed N; Agrotis, Alexander; Aguilar, Patricia V; Ahmad, S Tariq; Ahmed, Zubair M; Ahumada-Castro, Ulises; Aits, Sonja; Aizawa, Shu; Akkoc, Yunus; Akoumianaki, Tonia; Akpinar, Hafize Aysin; Al-Abd, Ahmed M; Al-Akra, Lina; Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer; Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A; Alberti, Simon; Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet; Alessandri, Cristiano; Ali, Muhammad; Alim Al-Bari, M Abdul; Aliwaini, Saeb; Alizadeh, Javad; Almacellas, Eugènia; Almasan, Alexandru; Alonso, Alicia; Alonso, Guillermo D; Altan-Bonnet, Nihal; Altieri, Dario C; Álvarez, Élida M C; Alves, Sara; Alves da Costa, Cristine; Alzaharna, Mazen M; Amadio, Marialaura; Amantini, Consuelo; Amaral, Cristina; Ambrosio, Susanna; Amer, Amal O; Ammanathan, Veena; An, Zhenyi; Andersen, Stig U; Andrabi, Shaida A; Andrade-Silva, Magaiver; Andres, Allen M; Angelini, Sabrina; Ann, David; Anozie, Uche C; Ansari, Mohammad Y; Antas, Pedro; Antebi, Adam; Antón, Zuriñe; Anwar, Tahira; Apetoh, Lionel; Apostolova, Nadezda; Araki, Toshiyuki; Araki, Yasuhiro; Arasaki, Kohei; Araújo, Wagner L; Araya, Jun; Arden, Catherine; Arévalo, Maria-Angeles; Arguelles, Sandro; Arias, Esperanza; Arikkath, Jyothi; Arimoto, Hirokazu; Ariosa, Aileen R; Armstrong-James, Darius; Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia; Aroca, Angeles; Arroyo, Daniela S; Arsov, Ivica; Artero, Rubén; Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia; Aschner, Michael; Ashrafizadeh, Milad; Ashur-Fabian, Osnat; Atanasov, Atanas G; Au, Alicia K; Auberger, Patrick; Auner, Holger W; Aurelian, Laure; Autelli, Riccardo; Avagliano, Laura; Ávalos, Yenniffer; Aveic, Sanja; Aveleira, Célia Alexandra; Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar; Aydin, Yucel; Ayton, Scott; Ayyadevara, Srinivas; Azzopardi, Maria; Baba, Misuzu; Backer, Jonathan M; Backues, Steven K; Bae, Dong-Hun; Bae, Ok-Nam; Bae, Soo Han; Baehrecke, Eric H; Baek, Ahruem; Baek, Seung-Hoon; Baek, Sung Hee; Bagetta, Giacinto; Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka; Bai, Hua; Bai, Jie; Bai, Xiyuan; Bai, Yidong; Bairagi, Nandadulal; Baksi, Shounak; Balbi, Teresa; Baldari, Cosima T; Balduini, Walter; Ballabio, Andrea; Ballester, Maria; Balazadeh, Salma; Balzan, Rena; Bandopadhyay, Rina; Banerjee, Sreeparna; Banerjee, Sulagna; Bánréti, Ágnes; Bao, Yan; Baptista, Mauricio S; Baracca, Alessandra; Barbati, Cristiana; Bargiela, Ariadna; Barilà, Daniela; Barlow, Peter G; Barmada, Sami J; Barreiro, Esther; Barreto, George E; Bartek, Jiri; Bartel, Bonnie; Bartolome, Alberto; Barve, Gaurav R; Basagoudanavar, Suresh H; Bassham, Diane C; Bast, Robert C; Basu, Alakananda; Batoko, Henri; Batten, Isabella; Baulieu, Etienne E; Baumgarner, Bradley L; Bayry, Jagadeesh; Beale, Rupert; Beau, Isabelle; Beaumatin, Florian; Bechara, Luiz R G; Beck, George R; Beers, Michael F; Begun, Jakob; Behrends, Christian; Behrens, Georg M N; Bei, Roberto; Bejarano, Eloy; Bel, Shai; Behl, Christian; Belaid, Amine; Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma; Bellarosa, Cristina; Belleudi, Francesca; Belló Pérez, Melissa; Bello-Morales, Raquel; Beltran, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira; Beltran, Sebastián; Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina; Bendorius, Mykolas; Benitez, Bruno A; Benito-Cuesta, Irene; Bensalem, Julien; Berchtold, Martin W; Berezowska, Sabina; Bergamaschi, Daniele; Bergami, Matteo; Bergmann, Andreas; Berliocchi, Laura; Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse; Bernard, Amélie; Berthoux, Lionel; Besirli, Cagri G; Besteiro, Sebastien; Betin, Virginie M; Beyaert, Rudi; Bezbradica, Jelena S; Bhaskar, Kiran; Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid; Bhattacharya, Resham; Bhattacharya, Sujoy; Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli; Bhuiyan, Md Shenuarin; Bhutia, Sujit Kumar; Bi, Lanrong; Bi, Xiaolin; Biden, Trevor J; Bijian, Krikor; Billes, Viktor A; Binart, Nadine; Bincoletto, Claudia; Birgisdottir, Asa B; Bjorkoy, Geir; Blanco, Gonzalo; Blas-Garcia, Ana; Blasiak, Janusz; Blomgran, Robert; Blomgren, Klas; Blum, Janice S; Boada-Romero, Emilio; Boban, Mirta; Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen; Boeuf, Philippe; Boland, Barry; Bomont, Pascale; Bonaldo, Paolo; Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy; Bonfili, Laura; Bonifacino, Juan S; Boone, Brian A; Bootman, Martin D; Bordi, Matteo; Borner, Christoph; Bornhauser, Beat C; Borthakur, Gautam; Bosch, Jürgen; Bose, Santanu; Botana, Luis M; Botas, Juan; Boulanger, Chantal M; Boulton, Michael E; Bourdenx, Mathieu; Bourgeois, Benjamin; Bourke, Nollaig M; Bousquet, Guilhem; Boya, Patricia; Bozhkov, Peter V; Bozi, Luiz H M; Bozkurt, Tolga O; Brackney, Doug E; Brandts, Christian H; Braun, Ralf J; Braus, Gerhard H; Bravo-Sagua, Roberto; Bravo-San Pedro, José M; Brest, Patrick; Bringer, Marie-Agnès; Briones-Herrera, Alfredo; Broaddus, V Courtney; Brodersen, Peter; Brodsky, Jeffrey L; Brody, Steven L; Bronson, Paola G; Bronstein, Jeff M; Brown, Carolyn N; Brown, Rhoderick E; Brum, Patricia C; Brumell, John H; Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola; Bruno, Daniele; Bryson-Richardson, Robert J; Bucci, Cecilia; Buchrieser, Carmen; Bueno, Marta; Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa; Buraschi, Simone; Buch, Shilpa; Buchan, J Ross; Buckingham, Erin M; Budak, Hikmet; Budini, Mauricio; Bultynck, Geert; Burada, Florin; Burgoyne, Joseph R; Burón, M Isabel; Bustos, Victor; Büttner, Sabrina; Butturini, Elena; Byrd, Aaron; Cabas, Isabel; Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra; Cadwell, Ken; Cai, Jingjing; Cai, Lu; Cai, Qian; Cairó, Montserrat; Calbet, Jose A; Caldwell, Guy A; Caldwell, Kim A; Call, Jarrod A; Calvani, Riccardo; Calvo, Ana C; Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel; Camara, Niels Os; Camonis, Jacques H; Camougrand, Nadine; Campanella, Michelangelo; Campbell, Edward M; Campbell-Valois, François-Xavier; Campello, Silvia; Campesi, Ilaria; Campos, Juliane C; Camuzard, Olivier; Cancino, Jorge; Candido de Almeida, Danilo; Canesi, Laura; Caniggia, Isabella; Canonico, Barbara; Cantí, Carles; Cao, Bin; Caraglia, Michele; Caramés, Beatriz; Carchman, Evie H; Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena; Cardenas, Cesar; Cardenas, Luis; Cardoso, Sandra M; Carew, Jennifer S; Carle, Georges F; Carleton, Gillian; Carloni, Silvia; Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac; Carneiro, Leticia A; Carnevali, Oliana; Carosi, Julian M; Carra, Serena; Carrier, Alice; Carrier, Lucie; Carroll, Bernadette; Carter, A Brent; Carvalho, Andreia Neves; Casanova, Magali; Casas, Caty; Casas, Josefina; Cassioli, Chiara; Castillo, Eliseo F; Castillo, Karen; Castillo-Lluva, Sonia; Castoldi, Francesca; Castori, Marco; Castro, Ariel F; Castro-Caldas, Margarida; Castro-Hernandez, Javier; Castro-Obregon, Susana; Catz, Sergio D; Cavadas, Claudia; Cavaliere, Federica; Cavallini, Gabriella; Cavinato, Maria; Cayuela, Maria L; Cebollada Rica, Paula; Cecarini, Valentina; Cecconi, Francesco; Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna; Cenci, Simone; Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria; Cerqueira, João J; Cerutti, Janete M; Cervia, Davide; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Cetrullo, Silvia; Chae, Han-Jung; Chagin, Andrei S; Chai, Chee-Yin; Chakrabarti, Gopal; Chakrabarti, Oishee; Chakraborty, Tapas; Chakraborty, Trinad; Chami, Mounia; Chamilos, Georgios; Chan, David W; Chan, Edmond Y W; Chan, Edward D; Chan, H Y Edwin; Chan, Helen H; Chan, Hung; Chan, Matthew T V; Chan, Yau Sang; Chandra, Partha K; Chang, Chih-Peng; Chang, Chunmei; Chang, Hao-Chun; Chang, Kai; Chao, Jie; Chapman, Tracey; Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas; Chatterjee, Samrat; Chaube, Shail K; Chaudhary, Anu; Chauhan, Santosh; Chaum, Edward; Checler, Frédéric; Cheetham, Michael E; Chen, Chang-Shi; Chen, Guang-Chao; Chen, Jian-Fu; Chen, Liam L; Chen, Leilei; Chen, Lin; Chen, Mingliang; Chen, Mu-Kuan; Chen, Ning; Chen, Quan; Chen, Ruey-Hwa; Chen, Shi; Chen, Wei; Chen, Weiqiang; Chen, Xin-Ming; Chen, Xiong-Wen; Chen, Xu; Chen, Yan; Chen, Ye-Guang; Chen, Yingyu; Chen, Yongqiang; Chen, Yu-Jen; Chen, Yue-Qin; Chen, Zhefan Stephen; Chen, Zhi; Chen, Zhi-Hua; Chen, Zhijian J; Chen, Zhixiang; Cheng, Hanhua; Cheng, Jun; Cheng, Shi-Yuan; Cheng, Wei; Cheng, Xiaodong; Cheng, Xiu-Tang; Cheng, Yiyun; Cheng, Zhiyong; Chen, Zhong; Cheong, Heesun; Cheong, Jit Kong; Chernyak, Boris V; Cherry, Sara; Cheung, Chi Fai Randy; Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio; Cheung, King-Ho; Chevet, Eric; Chi, Richard J; Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing; Chiaradonna, Ferdinando; Chiarelli, Roberto; Chiariello, Mario; Chica, Nathalia; Chiocca, Susanna; Chiong, Mario; Chiou, Shih-Hwa; Chiramel, Abhilash I; Chiurchiù, Valerio; Cho, Dong-Hyung; Choe, Seong-Kyu; Choi, Augustine M K; Choi, Mary E; Choudhury, Kamalika Roy; Chow, Norman S; Chu, Charleen T; Chua, Jason P; Chua, John Jia En; Chung, Hyewon; Chung, Kin Pan; Chung, Seockhoon; Chung, So-Hyang; Chung, Yuen-Li; Cianfanelli, Valentina; Ciechomska, Iwona A; Cifuentes, Mariana; Cinque, Laura; Cirak, Sebahattin; Cirone, Mara; Clague, Michael J; Clarke, Robert; Clementi, Emilio; Coccia, Eliana M; Codogno, Patrice; Cohen, Ehud; Cohen, Mickael M; Colasanti, Tania; Colasuonno, Fiorella; Colbert, Robert A; Colell, Anna; ÄŒolić, Miodrag; Coll, Nuria S; Collins, Mark O; Colombo, María I; Colón-Ramos, Daniel A; Combaret, Lydie; Comincini, Sergio; Cominetti, Márcia R; Consiglio, Antonella; Conte, Andrea; Conti, Fabrizio; Contu, Viorica Raluca; Cookson, Mark R; Coombs, Kevin M; Coppens, Isabelle; Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana; Corkery, Dale P; Cordes, Nils; Cortese, Katia; Costa, Maria do Carmo; Costantino, Sarah; Costelli, Paola; Coto-Montes, Ana; Crack, Peter J; Crespo, Jose L; Criollo, Alfredo; Crippa, Valeria; Cristofani, Riccardo; Csizmadia, Tamas; Cuadrado, Antonio; Cui, Bing; Cui, Jun; Cui, Yixian; Cui, Yong; Culetto, Emmanuel; Cumino, Andrea C; Cybulsky, Andrey V; Czaja, Mark J; Czuczwar, Stanislaw J; D'Adamo, Stefania; D'Amelio, Marcello; D'Arcangelo, Daniela; D'Lugos, Andrew C; D'Orazi, Gabriella; da Silva, James A; Dafsari, Hormos Salimi; Dagda, Ruben K; Dagdas, Yasin; Daglia, Maria; Dai, Xiaoxia; Dai, Yun; Dai, Yuyuan; Dal Col, Jessica; Dalhaimer, Paul; Dalla Valle, Luisa; Dallenga, Tobias; Dalmasso, Guillaume; Damme, Markus; Dando, Ilaria; Dantuma, Nico P; Darling, April L; Das, Hiranmoy; Dasarathy, Srinivasan; Dasari, Santosh K; Dash, Srikanta; Daumke, Oliver; Dauphinee, Adrian N; Davies, Jeffrey S; Dávila, Valeria A; Davis, Roger J; Davis, Tanja; Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha; De Amicis, Francesca; De Bosscher, Karolien; De Felice, Francesca; De Franceschi, Lucia; De Leonibus, Chiara; de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G; De Meyer, Guido R Y; De Milito, Angelo; De Nunzio, Cosimo; De Palma, Clara; De Santi, Mauro; De Virgilio, Claudio; De Zio, Daniela; Debnath, Jayanta; DeBosch, Brian J; Decuypere, Jean-Paul; Deehan, Mark A; Deflorian, Gianluca; DeGregori, James; Dehay, Benjamin; Del Rio, Gabriel; Delaney, Joe R; Delbridge, Lea M D; Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth; Delpino, M Victoria; Demarchi, Francesca; Dembitz, Vilma; Demers, Nicholas D; Deng, Hongbin; Deng, Zhiqiang; Dengjel, Joern; Dent, Paul; Denton, Donna; DePamphilis, Melvin L; Der, Channing J; Deretic, Vojo; Descoteaux, Albert; Devis, Laura; Devkota, Sushil; Devuyst, Olivier; Dewson, Grant; Dharmasivam, Mahendiran; Dhiman, Rohan; di Bernardo, Diego; Di Cristina, Manlio; Di Domenico, Fabio; Di Fazio, Pietro; Di Fonzo, Alessio; Di Guardo, Giovanni; Di Guglielmo, Gianni M; Di Leo, Luca; Di Malta, Chiara; Di Nardo, Alessia; Di Rienzo, Martina; Di Sano, Federica; Diallinas, George; Diao, Jiajie; Diaz-Araya, Guillermo; Díaz-Laviada, Inés; Dickinson, Jared M; Diederich, Marc; Dieudé, Mélanie; Dikic, Ivan; Ding, Shiping; Ding, Wen-Xing; Dini, Luciana; Dinić, Jelena; Dinic, Miroslav; Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T; Dionne, Marc S; Distler, Jörg H W; Diwan, Abhinav; Dixon, Ian M C; Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan; Dobrinski, Ina; Dobrovinskaya, Oxana; Dobrowolski, Radek; Dobson, Renwick C J; Đokić, Jelena; Dokmeci Emre, Serap; Donadelli, Massimo; Dong, Bo; Dong, Xiaonan; Dong, Zhiwu; Dorn Ii, Gerald W; Dotsch, Volker; Dou, Huan; Dou, Juan; Dowaidar, Moataz; Dridi, Sami; Drucker, Liat; Du, Ailian; Du, Caigan; Du, Guangwei; Du, Hai-Ning; Du, Li-Lin; du Toit, André; Duan, Shao-Bin; Duan, Xiaoqiong; Duarte, Sónia P; Dubrovska, Anna; Dunlop, Elaine A; Dupont, Nicolas; Durán, Raúl V; Dwarakanath, Bilikere S; Dyshlovoy, Sergey A; Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius; Eckhart, Leopold; Edelstein, Charles L; Efferth, Thomas; Eftekharpour, Eftekhar; Eichinger, Ludwig; Eid, Nabil; Eisenberg, Tobias; Eissa, N Tony; Eissa, Sanaa; Ejarque, Miriam; El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar; El-Hage, Nazira; El-Naggar, Shahenda; Eleuteri, Anna Maria; El-Shafey, Eman S; Elgendy, Mohamed; Eliopoulos, Aristides G; Elizalde, María M; Elks, Philip M; Elsasser, Hans-Peter; Elsherbiny, Eslam S; Emerling, Brooke M; Emre, N C Tolga; Eng, Christina H; Engedal, Nikolai; Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart; Engelsen, Agnete S T; Enserink, Jorrit M; Escalante, Ricardo; Esclatine, Audrey; Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda; Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa; Espert, Lucile; Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola; Fabrias, Gemma; Fabrizi, Cinzia; Facchiano, Antonio; Facchiano, Francesco; Fadeel, Bengt; Fader, Claudio; Faesen, Alex C; Fairlie, W Douglas; Falcó, Alberto; Falkenburger, Bjorn H; Fan, Daping; Fan, Jie; Fan, Yanbo; Fang, Evandro F; Fang, Yanshan; Fang, Yognqi; Fanto, Manolis; Farfel-Becker, Tamar; Faure, Mathias; Fazeli, Gholamreza; Fedele, Anthony O; Feldman, Arthur M; Feng, Du; Feng, Jiachun; Feng, Lifeng; Feng, Yibin; Feng, Yuchen; Feng, Wei; Fenz Araujo, Thais; Ferguson, Thomas A; Fernández, Álvaro F; Fernandez-Checa, Jose C; Fernández-Veledo, Sonia; Fernie, Alisdair R; Ferrante, Anthony W; Ferraresi, Alessandra; Ferrari, Merari F; Ferreira, Julio C B; Ferro-Novick, Susan; Figueras, Antonio; Filadi, Riccardo; Filigheddu, Nicoletta; Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo; Filomeni, Giuseppe; Fimia, Gian Maria; Fineschi, Vittorio; Finetti, Francesca; Finkbeiner, Steven; Fisher, Edward A; Fisher, Paul B; Flamigni, Flavio; Fliesler, Steven J; Flo, Trude H; Florance, Ida; Florey, Oliver; Florio, Tullio; Fodor, Erika; Follo, Carlo; Fon, Edward A; Forlino, Antonella; Fornai, Francesco; Fortini, Paola; Fracassi, Anna; Fraldi, Alessandro; Franco, Brunella; Franco, Rodrigo; Franconi, Flavia; Frankel, Lisa B; Friedman, Scott L; Fröhlich, Leopold F; Frühbeck, Gema; Fuentes, Jose M; Fujiki, Yukio; Fujita, Naonobu; Fujiwara, Yuuki; Fukuda, Mitsunori; Fulda, Simone; Furic, Luc; Furuya, Norihiko; Fusco, Carmela; Gack, Michaela U; Gaffke, Lidia; Galadari, Sehamuddin; Galasso, Alessia; Galindo, Maria F; Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Galy, Vincent; Gammoh, Noor; Gan, Boyi; Ganley, Ian G; Gao, Feng; Gao, Hui; Gao, Minghui; Gao, Ping; Gao, Shou-Jiang; Gao, Wentao; Gao, Xiaobo; Garcera, Ana; Garcia, Maria Noé; Garcia, Verónica E; García-Del Portillo, Francisco; Garcia-Escudero, Vega; Garcia-Garcia, Aracely; Garcia-Macia, Marina; García-Moreno, Diana; Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen; García-Sanz, Patricia; Garg, Abhishek D; Gargini, Ricardo; Garofalo, Tina; Garry, Robert F; Gassen, Nils C; Gatica, Damian; Ge, Liang; Ge, Wanzhong; Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth; Gelfi, Cecilia; Genschik, Pascal; Gentle, Ian E; Gerbino, Valeria; Gerhardt, Christoph; Germain, Kyla; Germain, Marc; Gewirtz, David A; Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham; Ghavami, Saeid; Ghigo, Alessandra; Ghosh, Manosij; Giamas, Georgios; Giampietri, Claudia; Giatromanolaki, Alexandra; Gibson, Gary E; Gibson, Spencer B; Ginet, Vanessa; Giniger, Edward; Giorgi, Carlotta; Girao, Henrique; Girardin, Stephen E; Giridharan, Mridhula; Giuliano, Sandy; Giulivi, Cecilia; Giuriato, Sylvie; Giustiniani, Julien; Gluschko, Alexander; Goder, Veit; Goginashvili, Alexander; Golab, Jakub; Goldstone, David C; Golebiewska, Anna; Gomes, Luciana R; Gomez, Rodrigo; Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén; Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina; Gomez-Sintes, Raquel; Gong, Qingqiu; Goni, Felix M; González-Gallego, Javier; Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas; Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa A; Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A; González-Rodríguez, Patricia; Goping, Ing Swie; Gorbatyuk, Marina S; Gorbunov, Nikolai V; Görgülü, Kıvanç; Gorojod, Roxana M; Gorski, Sharon M; Goruppi, Sandro; Gotor, Cecilia; Gottlieb, Roberta A; Gozes, Illana; Gozuacik, Devrim; Graef, Martin; Gräler, Markus H; Granatiero, Veronica; Grasso, Daniel; Gray, Joshua P; Green, Douglas R; Greenhough, Alexander; Gregory, Stephen L; Griffin, Edward F; Grinstaff, Mark W; Gros, Frederic; Grose, Charles; Gross, Angelina S; Gruber, Florian; Grumati, Paolo; Grune, Tilman; Gu, Xueyan; Guan, Jun-Lin; Guardia, Carlos M; Guda, Kishore; Guerra, Flora; Guerri, Consuelo; Guha, Prasun; Guillén, Carlos; Gujar, Shashi; Gukovskaya, Anna; Gukovsky, Ilya; Gunst, Jan; Günther, Andreas; Guntur, Anyonya R; Guo, Chuanyong; Guo, Chun; Guo, Hongqing; Guo, Lian-Wang; Guo, Ming; Gupta, Pawan; Gupta, Shashi Kumar; Gupta, Swapnil; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek; Gustafsson, Asa B; Gutterman, David D; H B, Ranjitha; Haapasalo, Annakaisa; Haber, James E; Hać, Aleksandra; Hadano, Shinji; Hafrén, Anders J; Haidar, Mansour; Hall, Belinda S; Halldén, Gunnel; Hamacher-Brady, Anne; Hamann, Andrea; Hamasaki, Maho; Han, Weidong; Hansen, Malene; Hanson, Phyllis I; Hao, Zijian; Harada, Masaru; Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica; Hariharan, Nirmala; Haroon, Nigil; Harris, James; Hasegawa, Takafumi; Hasima Nagoor, Noor; Haspel, Jeffrey A; Haucke, Volker; Hawkins, Wayne D; Hay, Bruce A; Haynes, Cole M; Hayrabedyan, Soren B; Hays, Thomas S; He, Congcong; He, Qin; He, Rong-Rong; He, You-Wen; He, Yu-Ying; Heakal, Yasser; Heberle, Alexander M; Hejtmancik, J Fielding; Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir; Henkel, Vanessa; Herb, Marc; Hergovich, Alexander; Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna; Hernández, Agustín; Hernandez, Carlos; Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio; Hernandez-Gea, Virginia; Herpin, Amaury; Herreros, Judit; Hervás, Javier H; Hesselson, Daniel; Hetz, Claudio; Heussler, Volker T; Higuchi, Yujiro; Hilfiker, Sabine; Hill, Joseph A; Hlavacek, William S; Ho, Emmanuel A; Ho, Idy H T; Ho, Philip Wing-Lok; Ho, Shu-Leong; Ho, Wan Yun; Hobbs, G Aaron; Hochstrasser, Mark; Hoet, Peter H M; Hofius, Daniel; Hofman, Paul; Höhn, Annika; Holmberg, Carina I; Hombrebueno, Jose R; Yi-Ren Hong, Chang-Won Hong; Hooper, Lora V; Hoppe, Thorsten; Horos, Rastislav; Hoshida, Yujin; Hsin, I-Lun; Hsu, Hsin-Yun; Hu, Bing; Hu, Dong; Hu, Li-Fang; Hu, Ming Chang; Hu, Ronggui; Hu, Wei; Hu, Yu-Chen; Hu, Zhuo-Wei; Hua, Fang; Hua, Jinlian; Hua, Yingqi; Huan, Chongmin; Huang, Canhua; Huang, Chuanshu; Huang, Chuanxin; Huang, Chunling; Huang, Haishan; Huang, Kun; Huang, Michael L H; Huang, Rui; Huang, Shan; Huang, Tianzhi; Huang, Xing; Huang, Yuxiang Jack; Huber, Tobias B; Hubert, Virginie; Hubner, Christian A; Hughes, Stephanie M; Hughes, William E; Humbert, Magali; Hummer, Gerhard; Hurley, James H; Hussain, Sabah; Hussain, Salik; Hussey, Patrick J; Hutabarat, Martina; Hwang, Hui-Yun; Hwang, Seungmin; Ieni, Antonio; Ikeda, Fumiyo; Imagawa, Yusuke; Imai, Yuzuru; Imbriano, Carol; Imoto, Masaya; Inman, Denise M; Inoki, Ken; Iovanna, Juan; Iozzo, Renato V; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Irazoqui, Javier E; Iribarren, Pablo; Ishaq, Mohd; Ishikawa, Makoto; Ishimwe, Nestor; Isidoro, Ciro; Ismail, Nahed; Issazadeh-Navikas, Shohreh; Itakura, Eisuke; Ito, Daisuke; Ivankovic, Davor; Ivanova, SaÅ¡ka; Iyer, Anand Krishnan V; Izquierdo, José M; Izumi, Masanori; Jäättelä, Marja; Jabir, Majid Sakhi; Jackson, William T; Jacobo-Herrera, Nadia; Jacomin, Anne-Claire; Jacquin, Elise; Jadiya, Pooja; Jaeschke, Hartmut; Jagannath, Chinnaswamy; Jakobi, Arjen J; Jakobsson, Johan; Janji, Bassam; Jansen-Dürr, Pidder; Jansson, Patric J; Jantsch, Jonathan; Januszewski, SÅ‚awomir; Jassey, Alagie; Jean, Steve; Jeltsch-David, Hélène; Jendelova, Pavla; Jenny, Andreas; Jensen, Thomas E; Jessen, Niels; Jewell, Jenna L; Ji, Jing; Jia, Lijun; Jia, Rui; Jiang, Liwen; Jiang, Qing; Jiang, Richeng; Jiang, Teng; Jiang, Xuejun; Jiang, Yu; Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria; Jin, Eun-Jung; Jin, Fengyan; Jin, Hongchuan; Jin, Li; Jin, Luqi; Jin, Meiyan; Jin, Si; Jo, Eun-Kyeong; Joffre, Carine; Johansen, Terje; Johnson, Gail V W; Johnston, Simon A; Jokitalo, Eija; Jolly, Mohit Kumar; Joosten, Leo A B; Jordan, Joaquin; Joseph, Bertrand; Ju, Dianwen; Ju, Jeong-Sun; Ju, Jingfang; Juárez, Esmeralda; Judith, Delphine; Juhász, Gábor; Jun, Youngsoo; Jung, Chang Hwa; Jung, Sung-Chul; Jung, Yong Keun; Jungbluth, Heinz; Jungverdorben, Johannes; Just, Steffen; Kaarniranta, Kai; Kaasik, Allen; Kabuta, Tomohiro; Kaganovich, Daniel; Kahana, Alon; Kain, Renate; Kajimura, Shinjo; Kalamvoki, Maria; Kalia, Manjula; Kalinowski, Danuta S; Kaludercic, Nina; Kalvari, Ioanna; Kaminska, Joanna; Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O; Kanamori, Hiromitsu; Kanasaki, Keizo; Kang, Chanhee; Kang, Rui; Kang, Sang Sun; Kaniyappan, Senthilvelrajan; Kanki, Tomotake; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi; Kanthasamy, Anumantha G; Kanthasamy, Arthi; Kantorow, Marc; Kapuy, Orsolya; Karamouzis, Michalis V; Karim, Md Razaul; Karmakar, Parimal; Katare, Rajesh G; Kato, Masaru; Kaufmann, Stefan H E; Kauppinen, Anu; Kaushal, Gur P; Kaushik, Susmita; Kawasaki, Kiyoshi; Kazan, Kemal; Ke, Po-Yuan; Keating, Damien J; Keber, Ursula; Kehrl, John H; Keller, Kate E; Keller, Christian W; Kemper, Jongsook Kim; Kenific, Candia M; Kepp, Oliver; Kermorgant, Stephanie; Kern, Andreas; Ketteler, Robin; Keulers, Tom G; Khalfin, Boris; Khalil, Hany; Khambu, Bilon; Khan, Shahid Y; Khandelwal, Vinoth Kumar Megraj; Khandia, Rekha; Kho, Widuri; Khobrekar, Noopur V; Khuansuwan, Sataree; Khundadze, Mukhran; Killackey, Samuel A; Kim, Dasol; Kim, Deok Ryong; Kim, Do-Hyung; Kim, Dong-Eun; Kim, Eun Young; Kim, Eun-Kyoung; Kim, Hak-Rim; Kim, Hee-Sik; Kim, Jeong Hun; Kim, Jin Kyung; Kim, Jin-Hoi; Kim, Joungmok; Kim, Ju Hwan; Kim, Keun Il; Kim, Peter K; Kim, Seong-Jun; Kimball, Scot R; Kimchi, Adi; Kimmelman, Alec C; Kimura, Tomonori; King, Matthew A; Kinghorn, Kerri J; Kinsey, Conan G; Kirkin, Vladimir; Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A; Kiselev, Sergey L; Kishi, Shuji; Kitamoto, Katsuhiko; Kitaoka, Yasushi; Kitazato, Kaio; Kitsis, Richard N; Kittler, Josef T; Kjaerulff, Ole; Klein, Peter S; Klopstock, Thomas; Klucken, Jochen; Knævelsrud, Helene; Knorr, Roland L; Ko, Ben C B; Ko, Fred; Ko, Jiunn-Liang; Kobayashi, Hotaka; Kobayashi, Satoru; Koch, Ina; Koch, Jan C; Koenig, Ulrich; Kögel, Donat; Koh, Young Ho; Koike, Masato; Kohlwein, Sepp D; Kocaturk, Nur M; Komatsu, Masaaki; König, Jeannette; Kono, Toru; Kopp, Benjamin T; Korcsmaros, Tamas; Korkmaz, Gözde; Korolchuk, Viktor I; Korsnes, Mónica Suárez; Koskela, Ali; Kota, Janaiah; Kotake, Yaichiro; Kotler, Monica L; Kou, Yanjun; Koukourakis, Michael I; Koustas, Evangelos; Kovacs, Attila L; Kovács, Tibor; Koya, Daisuke; Kozako, Tomohiro; Kraft, Claudine; Krainc, Dimitri; Krämer, Helmut; Krasnodembskaya, Anna D; Kretz-Remy, Carole; Kroemer, Guido; Ktistakis, Nicholas T; Kuchitsu, Kazuyuki; Kuenen, Sabine; Kuerschner, Lars; Kukar, Thomas; Kumar, Ajay; Kumar, Ashok; Kumar, Deepak; Kumar, Dhiraj; Kumar, Sharad; Kume, Shinji; Kumsta, Caroline; Kundu, Chanakya N; Kundu, Mondira; Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B; Kurgan, Lukasz; Kutateladze, Tatiana G; Kutlu, Ozlem; Kwak, SeongAe; Kwon, Ho Jeong; Kwon, Taeg Kyu; Kwon, Yong Tae; Kyrmizi, Irene; La Spada, Albert; Labonté, Patrick; Ladoire, Sylvain; Laface, Ilaria; Lafont, Frank; Lagace, Diane C; Lahiri, Vikramjit; Lai, Zhibing; Laird, Angela S; Lakkaraju, Aparna; Lamark, Trond; Lan, Sheng-Hui; Landajuela, Ane; Lane, Darius J R; Lane, Jon D; Lang, Charles H; Lange, Carsten; Langel, Ãœlo; Langer, Rupert; Lapaquette, Pierre; Laporte, Jocelyn; LaRusso, Nicholas F; Lastres-Becker, Isabel; Lau, Wilson Chun Yu; Laurie, Gordon W; Lavandero, Sergio; Law, Betty Yuen Kwan; Law, Helen Ka-Wai; Layfield, Rob; Le, Weidong; Le Stunff, Herve; Leary, Alexandre Y; Lebrun, Jean-Jacques; Leck, Lionel Y W; Leduc-Gaudet, Jean-Philippe; Lee, Changwook; Lee, Chung-Pei; Lee, Da-Hye; Lee, Edward B; Lee, Erinna F; Lee, Gyun Min; Lee, He-Jin; Lee, Heung Kyu; Lee, Jae Man; Lee, Jason S; Lee, Jin-A; Lee, Joo-Yong; Lee, Jun Hee; Lee, Michael; Lee, Min Goo; Lee, Min Jae; Lee, Myung-Shik; Lee, Sang Yoon; Lee, Seung-Jae; Lee, Stella Y; Lee, Sung Bae; Lee, Won Hee; Lee, Ying-Ray; Lee, Yong-Ho; Lee, Youngil; Lefebvre, Christophe; Legouis, Renaud; Lei, Yu L; Lei, Yuchen; Leikin, Sergey; Leitinger, Gerd; Lemus, Leticia; Leng, Shuilong; Lenoir, Olivia; Lenz, Guido; Lenz, Heinz Josef; Lenzi, Paola; León, Yolanda; Leopoldino, Andréia M; Leschczyk, Christoph; Leskelä, Stina; Letellier, Elisabeth; Leung, Chi-Ting; Leung, Po Sing; Leventhal, Jeremy S; Levine, Beth; Lewis, Patrick A; Ley, Klaus; Li, Bin; Li, Da-Qiang; Li, Jianming; Li, Jing; Li, Jiong; Li, Ke; Li, Liwu; Li, Mei; Li, Min; Li, Min; Li, Ming; Li, Mingchuan; Li, Pin-Lan; Li, Ming-Qing; Li, Qing; Li, Sheng; Li, Tiangang; Li, Wei; Li, Wenming; Li, Xue; Li, Yi-Ping; Li, Yuan; Li, Zhiqiang; Li, Zhiyong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lian, Jiqin; Liang, Chengyu; Liang, Qiangrong; Liang, Weicheng; Liang, Yongheng; Liang, YongTian; Liao, Guanghong; Liao, Lujian; Liao, Mingzhi; Liao, Yung-Feng; Librizzi, Mariangela; Lie, Pearl P Y; Lilly, Mary A; Lim, Hyunjung J; Lima, Thania R R; Limana, Federica; Lin, Chao; Lin, Chih-Wen; Lin, Dar-Shong; Lin, Fu-Cheng; Lin, Jiandie D; Lin, Kurt M; Lin, Kwang-Huei; Lin, Liang-Tzung; Lin, Pei-Hui; Lin, Qiong; Lin, Shaofeng; Lin, Su-Ju; Lin, Wenyu; Lin, Xueying; Lin, Yao-Xin; Lin, Yee-Shin; Linden, Rafael; Lindner, Paula; Ling, Shuo-Chien; Lingor, Paul; Linnemann, Amelia K; Liou, Yih-Cherng; Lipinski, Marta M; LipovÅ¡ek, SaÅ¡ka; Lira, Vitor A; Lisiak, Natalia; Liton, Paloma B; Liu, Chao; Liu, Ching-Hsuan; Liu, Chun-Feng; Liu, Cui Hua; Liu, Fang; Liu, Hao; Liu, Hsiao-Sheng; Liu, Hua-Feng; Liu, Huifang; Liu, Jia; Liu, Jing; Liu, Julia; Liu, Leyuan; Liu, Longhua; Liu, Meilian; Liu, Qin; Liu, Wei; Liu, Wende; Liu, Xiao-Hong; Liu, Xiaodong; Liu, Xingguo; Liu, Xu; Liu, Xuedong; Liu, Yanfen; Liu, Yang; Liu, Yang; Liu, Yueyang; Liu, Yule; Livingston, J Andrew; Lizard, Gerard; Lizcano, Jose M; Ljubojevic-Holzer, Senka; LLeonart, Matilde E; Llobet-Navàs, David; Llorente, Alicia; Lo, Chih Hung; Lobato-Márquez, Damián; Long, Qi; Long, Yun Chau; Loos, Ben; Loos, Julia A; López, Manuela G; López-Doménech, Guillermo; López-Guerrero, José Antonio; López-Jiménez, Ana T; López-Pérez, Óscar; López-Valero, Israel; Lorenowicz, Magdalena J; Lorente, Mar; Lorincz, Peter; Lossi, Laura; Lotersztajn, Sophie; Lovat, Penny E; Lovell, Jonathan F; Lovy, Alenka; LÅ‘w, Péter; Lu, Guang; Lu, Haocheng; Lu, Jia-Hong; Lu, Jin-Jian; Lu, Mengji; Lu, Shuyan; Luciani, Alessandro; Lucocq, John M; Ludovico, Paula; Luftig, Micah A; Luhr, Morten; Luis-Ravelo, Diego; Lum, Julian J; Luna-Dulcey, Liany; Lund, Anders H; Lund, Viktor K; Lünemann, Jan D; Lüningschrör, Patrick; Luo, Honglin; Luo, Rongcan; Luo, Shouqing; Luo, Zhi; Luparello, Claudio; Lüscher, Bernhard; Luu, Luan; Lyakhovich, Alex; Lyamzaev, Konstantin G; Lystad, Alf HÃ¥kon; Lytvynchuk, Lyubomyr; Ma, Alvin C; Ma, Changle; Ma, Mengxiao; Ma, Ning-Fang; Ma, Quan-Hong; Ma, Xinliang; Ma, Yueyun; Ma, Zhenyi; MacDougald, Ormond A; Macian, Fernando; MacIntosh, Gustavo C; MacKeigan, Jeffrey P; Macleod, Kay F; Maday, Sandra; Madeo, Frank; Madesh, Muniswamy; Madl, Tobias; Madrigal-Matute, Julio; Maeda, Akiko; Maejima, Yasuhiro; Magarinos, Marta; Mahavadi, Poornima; Maiani, Emiliano; Maiese, Kenneth; Maiti, Panchanan; Maiuri, Maria Chiara; Majello, Barbara; Major, Michael B; Makareeva, Elena; Malik, Fayaz; Mallilankaraman, Karthik; Malorni, Walter; Maloyan, Alina; Mammadova, Najiba; Man, Gene Chi Wai; Manai, Federico; Mancias, Joseph D; Mandelkow, Eva-Maria; Mandell, Michael A; Manfredi, Angelo A; Manjili, Masoud H; Manjithaya, Ravi; Manque, Patricio; Manshian, Bella B; Manzano, Raquel; Manzoni, Claudia; Mao, Kai; Marchese, Cinzia; Marchetti, Sandrine; Marconi, Anna Maria; Marcucci, Fabrizio; Mardente, Stefania; Mareninova, Olga A; Margeta, Marta; Mari, Muriel; Marinelli, Sara; Marinelli, Oliviero; Mariño, Guillermo; Mariotto, Sofia; Marshall, Richard S; Marten, Mark R; Martens, Sascha; Martin, Alexandre P J; Martin, Katie R; Martin, Sara; Martin, Shaun; Martín-Segura, Adrián; Martín-Acebes, Miguel A; Martin-Burriel, Inmaculada; Martin-Rincon, Marcos; Martin-Sanz, Paloma; Martina, José A; Martinet, Wim; Martinez, Aitor; Martinez, Ana; Martinez, Jennifer; Martinez Velazquez, Moises; Martinez-Lopez, Nuria; Martinez-Vicente, Marta; Martins, Daniel O; Martins, Joilson O; Martins, Waleska K; Martins-Marques, Tania; Marzetti, Emanuele; Masaldan, Shashank; Masclaux-Daubresse, Celine; Mashek, Douglas G; Massa, Valentina; Massieu, Lourdes; Masson, Glenn R; Masuelli, Laura; Masyuk, Anatoliy I; Masyuk, Tetyana V; Matarrese, Paola; Matheu, Ander; Matoba, Satoaki; Matsuzaki, Sachiko; Mattar, Pamela; Matte, Alessandro; Mattoscio, Domenico; Mauriz, José L; Mauthe, Mario; Mauvezin, Caroline; Maverakis, Emanual; Maycotte, Paola; Mayer, Johanna; Mazzoccoli, Gianluigi; Mazzoni, Cristina; Mazzulli, Joseph R; McCarty, Nami; McDonald, Christine; McGill, Mitchell R; McKenna, Sharon L; McLaughlin, BethAnn; McLoughlin, Fionn; McNiven, Mark A; McWilliams, Thomas G; Mechta-Grigoriou, Fatima; Medeiros, Tania Catarina; Medina, Diego L; Megeney, Lynn A; Megyeri, Klara; Mehrpour, Maryam; Mehta, Jawahar L; Meijer, Alfred J; Meijer, Annemarie H; Mejlvang, Jakob; Meléndez, Alicia; Melk, Annette; Memisoglu, Gonen; Mendes, Alexandrina F; Meng, Delong; Meng, Fei; Meng, Tian; Menna-Barreto, Rubem; Menon, Manoj B; Mercer, Carol; Mercier, Anne E; Mergny, Jean-Louis; Merighi, Adalberto; Merkley, Seth D; Merla, Giuseppe; Meske, Volker; Mestre, Ana Cecilia; Metur, Shree Padma; Meyer, Christian; Meyer, Hemmo; Mi, Wenyi; Mialet-Perez, Jeanne; Miao, Junying; Micale, Lucia; Miki, Yasuo; Milan, Enrico; Milczarek, MaÅ‚gorzata; Miller, Dana L; Miller, Samuel I; Miller, Silke; Millward, Steven W; Milosevic, Ira; Minina, Elena A; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Hamid Reza; Mirzaei, Mehdi; Mishra, Amit; Mishra, Nandita; Mishra, Paras Kumar; Misirkic Marjanovic, Maja; Misasi, Roberta; Misra, Amit; Misso, Gabriella; Mitchell, Claire; Mitou, Geraldine; Miura, Tetsuji; Miyamoto, Shigeki; Miyazaki, Makoto; Miyazaki, Mitsunori; Miyazaki, Taiga; Miyazawa, Keisuke; Mizushima, Noboru; Mogensen, Trine H; Mograbi, Baharia; Mohammadinejad, Reza; Mohamud, Yasir; Mohanty, Abhishek; Mohapatra, Sipra; Möhlmann, Torsten; Mohmmed, Asif; Moles, Anna; Moley, Kelle H; Molinari, Maurizio; Mollace, Vincenzo; Møller, Andreas Buch; Mollereau, Bertrand; Mollinedo, Faustino; Montagna, Costanza; 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Post, Martin; Potts, Malia B; Poulton, Joanna; Powers, Ted; Prahlad, Veena; Prajsnar, Tomasz K; Praticò, Domenico; Prencipe, Rosaria; Priault, Muriel; Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula; Promponas, Vasilis J; Proud, Christopher G; Puertollano, Rosa; Puglielli, Luigi; Pulinilkunnil, Thomas; Puri, Deepika; Puri, Rajat; Puyal, Julien; Qi, Xiaopeng; Qi, Yongmei; Qian, Wenbin; Qiang, Lei; Qiu, Yu; Quadrilatero, Joe; Quarleri, Jorge; Raben, Nina; Rabinowich, Hannah; Ragona, Debora; Ragusa, Michael J; Rahimi, Nader; Rahmati, Marveh; Raia, Valeria; Raimundo, Nuno; Rajasekaran, Namakkal-Soorappan; Ramachandra Rao, Sriganesh; Rami, Abdelhaq; Ramírez-Pardo, Ignacio; Ramsden, David B; Randow, Felix; Rangarajan, Pundi N; Ranieri, Danilo; Rao, Hai; Rao, Lang; Rao, Rekha; Rathore, Sumit; Ratnayaka, J Arjuna; Ratovitski, Edward A; Ravanan, Palaniyandi; Ravegnini, Gloria; Ray, Swapan K; Razani, Babak; Rebecca, Vito; Reggiori, Fulvio; Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne; Reichert, Andreas S; Reigada, David; Reiling, Jan H; Rein, Theo; Reipert, Siegfried; Rekha, Rokeya Sultana; Ren, Hongmei; Ren, Jun; Ren, Weichao; Renault, Tristan; Renga, Giorgia; Reue, Karen; Rewitz, Kim; Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos, Bruna; Riazuddin, S Amer; Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Teresa M; Ricci, Jean-Ehrland; Ricci, Romeo; Riccio, Victoria; Richardson, Des R; Rikihisa, Yasuko; Risbud, Makarand V; Risueño, Ruth M; Ritis, Konstantinos; Rizza, Salvatore; Rizzuto, Rosario; Roberts, Helen C; Roberts, Luke D; Robinson, Katherine J; Roccheri, Maria Carmela; Rocchi, Stephane; Rodney, George G; Rodrigues, Tiago; Rodrigues Silva, Vagner Ramon; Rodriguez, Amaia; Rodriguez-Barrueco, Ruth; Rodriguez-Henche, Nieves; Rodriguez-Rocha, Humberto; Roelofs, Jeroen; Rogers, Robert S; Rogov, Vladimir V; Rojo, Ana I; Rolka, Krzysztof; Romanello, Vanina; Romani, Luigina; Romano, Alessandra; Romano, Patricia S; Romeo-Guitart, David; Romero, Luis C; Romero, Montserrat; Roney, Joseph C; Rongo, Christopher; Roperto, Sante; Rosenfeldt, Mathias T; Rosenstiel, Philip; Rosenwald, Anne G; Roth, Kevin A; Roth, Lynn; Roth, Steven; Rouschop, Kasper M A; Roussel, Benoit D; Roux, Sophie; Rovere-Querini, Patrizia; Roy, Ajit; Rozieres, Aurore; Ruano, Diego; Rubinsztein, David C; Rubtsova, Maria P; Ruckdeschel, Klaus; Ruckenstuhl, Christoph; Rudolf, Emil; Rudolf, Rüdiger; Ruggieri, Alessandra; Ruparelia, Avnika Ashok; Rusmini, Paola; Russell, Ryan R; Russo, Gian Luigi; Russo, Maria; Russo, Rossella; Ryabaya, Oxana O; Ryan, Kevin M; Ryu, Kwon-Yul; Sabater-Arcis, Maria; Sachdev, Ulka; Sacher, Michael; Sachse, Carsten; Sadhu, Abhishek; Sadoshima, Junichi; Safren, Nathaniel; Saftig, Paul; Sagona, Antonia P; Sahay, Gaurav; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahin, Mustafa; Sahin, Ozgur; Sahni, Sumit; Saito, Nayuta; Saito, Shigeru; Saito, Tsunenori; Sakai, Ryohei; Sakai, Yasuyoshi; Sakamaki, Jun-Ichi; Saksela, Kalle; Salazar, Gloria; Salazar-Degracia, Anna; Salekdeh, Ghasem H; Saluja, Ashok K; Sampaio-Marques, Belém; Sanchez, Maria Cecilia; Sanchez-Alcazar, Jose A; Sanchez-Vera, Victoria; Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa; Sanderson, J Thomas; Sandri, Marco; Santaguida, Stefano; Santambrogio, Laura; Santana, Magda M; Santoni, Giorgio; Sanz, Alberto; Sanz, Pascual; Saran, Shweta; Sardiello, Marco; Sargeant, Timothy J; Sarin, Apurva; Sarkar, Chinmoy; Sarkar, Sovan; Sarrias, Maria-Rosa; Sarkar, Surajit; Sarmah, Dipanka Tanu; Sarparanta, Jaakko; Sathyanarayan, Aishwarya; Sathyanarayanan, Ranganayaki; Scaglione, K Matthew; Scatozza, Francesca; Schaefer, Liliana; Schafer, Zachary T; Schaible, Ulrich E; Schapira, Anthony H V; Scharl, Michael; Schatzl, Hermann M; Schein, Catherine H; Scheper, Wiep; Scheuring, David; Schiaffino, Maria Vittoria; Schiappacassi, Monica; Schindl, Rainer; Schlattner, Uwe; Schmidt, Oliver; Schmitt, Roland; Schmidt, Stephen D; Schmitz, Ingo; Schmukler, Eran; Schneider, Anja; Schneider, Bianca E; Schober, Romana; Schoijet, Alejandra C; Schott, Micah B; Schramm, Michael; Schröder, Bernd; Schuh, Kai; Schüller, Christoph; Schulze, Ryan J; Schürmanns, Lea; Schwamborn, Jens C; Schwarten, Melanie; Scialo, Filippo; Sciarretta, Sebastiano; Scott, Melanie J; Scotto, Kathleen W; Scovassi, A Ivana; Scrima, Andrea; Scrivo, Aurora; Sebastian, David; Sebti, Salwa; Sedej, Simon; Segatori, Laura; Segev, Nava; Seglen, Per O; Seiliez, Iban; Seki, Ekihiro; Selleck, Scott B; Sellke, Frank W; Selsby, Joshua T; Sendtner, Michael; Senturk, Serif; Seranova, Elena; Sergi, Consolato; Serra-Moreno, Ruth; Sesaki, Hiromi; Settembre, Carmine; Setty, Subba Rao Gangi; Sgarbi, Gianluca; Sha, Ou; Shacka, John J; Shah, Javeed A; Shang, Dantong; Shao, Changshun; Shao, Feng; Sharbati, Soroush; Sharkey, Lisa M; Sharma, Dipali; Sharma, Gaurav; Sharma, Kulbhushan; Sharma, Pawan; Sharma, Surendra; Shen, Han-Ming; Shen, Hongtao; Shen, Jiangang; Shen, Ming; Shen, Weili; Shen, Zheni; Sheng, Rui; Sheng, Zhi; Sheng, Zu-Hang; Shi, Jianjian; Shi, Xiaobing; Shi, Ying-Hong; Shiba-Fukushima, Kahori; Shieh, Jeng-Jer; Shimada, Yohta; Shimizu, Shigeomi; Shimozawa, Makoto; Shintani, Takahiro; Shoemaker, Christopher J; Shojaei, Shahla; Shoji, Ikuo; Shravage, Bhupendra V; Shridhar, Viji; Shu, Chih-Wen; Shu, Hong-Bing; Shui, Ke; Shukla, Arvind K; Shutt, Timothy E; Sica, Valentina; Siddiqui, Aleem; Sierra, Amanda; Sierra-Torre, Virginia; Signorelli, Santiago; Sil, Payel; Silva, Bruno J de Andrade; Silva, Johnatas D; Silva-Pavez, Eduardo; Silvente-Poirot, Sandrine; Simmonds, Rachel E; Simon, Anna Katharina; Simon, Hans-Uwe; Simons, Matias; Singh, Anurag; Singh, Lalit P; Singh, Rajat; Singh, Shivendra V; Singh, Shrawan K; Singh, Sudha B; Singh, Sunaina; Singh, Surinder Pal; Sinha, Debasish; Sinha, Rohit Anthony; Sinha, Sangita; Sirko, Agnieszka; Sirohi, Kapil; Sivridis, Efthimios L; Skendros, Panagiotis; Skirycz, Aleksandra; Slaninová, Iva; Smaili, Soraya S; Smertenko, Andrei; Smith, Matthew D; Soenen, Stefaan J; Sohn, Eun Jung; Sok, Sophia P M; Solaini, Giancarlo; Soldati, Thierry; Soleimanpour, Scott A; Soler, Rosa M; Solovchenko, Alexei; Somarelli, Jason A; Sonawane, Avinash; Song, Fuyong; Song, Hyun Kyu; Song, Ju-Xian; Song, Kunhua; Song, Zhiyin; Soria, Leandro R; Sorice, Maurizio; Soukas, Alexander A; Soukup, Sandra-Fausia; Sousa, Diana; Sousa, Nadia; Spagnuolo, Paul A; Spector, Stephen A; Srinivas Bharath, M M; St Clair, Daret; Stagni, Venturina; Staiano, Leopoldo; Stalnecker, Clint A; Stankov, Metodi V; Stathopulos, Peter B; Stefan, Katja; Stefan, Sven Marcel; Stefanis, Leonidas; Steffan, Joan S; Steinkasserer, Alexander; Stenmark, Harald; Sterneckert, Jared; Stevens, Craig; Stoka, Veronika; Storch, Stephan; Stork, Björn; Strappazzon, Flavie; Strohecker, Anne Marie; Stupack, Dwayne G; Su, Huanxing; Su, Ling-Yan; Su, Longxiang; Suarez-Fontes, Ana M; Subauste, Carlos S; Subbian, Selvakumar; Subirada, Paula V; Sudhandiran, Ganapasam; Sue, Carolyn M; Sui, Xinbing; Summers, Corey; Sun, Guangchao; Sun, Jun; Sun, Kang; Sun, Meng-Xiang; Sun, Qiming; Sun, Yi; Sun, Zhongjie; Sunahara, Karen K S; Sundberg, Eva; Susztak, Katalin; Sutovsky, Peter; Suzuki, Hidekazu; Sweeney, Gary; Symons, J David; Sze, Stephen Cho Wing; Szewczyk, Nathaniel J; TabÄ™cka-Łonczynska, Anna; Tabolacci, Claudio; Tacke, Frank; Taegtmeyer, Heinrich; Tafani, Marco; Tagaya, Mitsuo; Tai, Haoran; Tait, Stephen W G; Takahashi, Yoshinori; Takats, Szabolcs; Talwar, Priti; Tam, Chit; Tam, Shing Yau; Tampellini, Davide; Tamura, Atsushi; Tan, Chong Teik; Tan, Eng-King; Tan, Ya-Qin; Tanaka, Masaki; Tanaka, Motomasa; Tang, Daolin; Tang, Jingfeng; Tang, Tie-Shan; Tanida, Isei; Tao, Zhipeng; Taouis, Mohammed; Tatenhorst, Lars; Tavernarakis, Nektarios; Taylor, Allen; Taylor, Gregory A; Taylor, Joan M; Tchetina, Elena; Tee, Andrew R; Tegeder, Irmgard; Teis, David; Teixeira, Natercia; Teixeira-Clerc, Fatima; Tekirdag, Kumsal A; Tencomnao, Tewin; Tenreiro, Sandra; Tepikin, Alexei V; Testillano, Pilar S; Tettamanti, Gianluca; Tharaux, Pierre-Louis; Thedieck, Kathrin; Thekkinghat, Arvind A; Thellung, Stefano; Thinwa, Josephine W; Thirumalaikumar, V P; Thomas, Sufi Mary; Thomes, Paul G; Thorburn, Andrew; Thukral, Lipi; Thum, Thomas; Thumm, Michael; Tian, Ling; Tichy, Ales; Till, Andreas; Timmerman, Vincent; Titorenko, Vladimir I; Todi, Sokol V; Todorova, Krassimira; Toivonen, Janne M; Tomaipitinca, Luana; Tomar, Dhanendra; Tomas-Zapico, Cristina; Tomić, Sergej; Tong, Benjamin Chun-Kit; Tong, Chao; Tong, Xin; Tooze, Sharon A; Torgersen, Maria L; Torii, Satoru; Torres-López, Liliana; Torriglia, Alicia; Towers, Christina G; Towns, Roberto; Toyokuni, Shinya; Trajkovic, Vladimir; Tramontano, Donatella; Tran, Quynh-Giao; Travassos, Leonardo H; Trelford, Charles B; Tremel, Shirley; Trougakos, Ioannis P; Tsao, Betty P; Tschan, Mario P; Tse, Hung-Fat; Tse, Tak Fu; Tsugawa, Hitoshi; Tsvetkov, Andrey S; Tumbarello, David A; Tumtas, Yasin; Tuñón, María J; Turcotte, Sandra; Turk, Boris; Turk, Vito; Turner, Bradley J; Tuxworth, Richard I; Tyler, Jessica K; Tyutereva, Elena V; Uchiyama, Yasuo; Ugun-Klusek, Aslihan; Uhlig, Holm H; UÅ‚amek-KozioÅ‚, Marzena; Ulasov, Ilya V; Umekawa, Midori; Ungermann, Christian; Unno, Rei; Urbe, Sylvie; Uribe-Carretero, Elisabet; 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In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
PMID: 33634751
ISSN: 1554-8635
CID: 4800842

Special Report of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Placenta Accreta Spectrum Ultrasound Marker Task Force: Consensus on definition of markers and approach to the ultrasound examination in pregnancies at risk for placenta accreta spectrum

Shainker, Scott A; Coleman, Beverly; Timor, Ilan E; Bhide, Amarnath; Bromley, Bryann; Cahill, Alison G; Gandhi, Manisha; Hecht, Jonathan L; Johnson, Katherine M; Levine, Deborah; Mastrobattista, Joan; Philips, Jennifer; Platt, Lawrence J; Shamshirsaz, Alireza A; Shipp, Thomas D; Silver, Robert M; Simpson, Lynn L; Copel, Joshua A; Abuhamad, Alfred
Placenta accreta spectrum includes the full range of abnormal placental attachment to the uterus or other structures, encompassing placenta accreta, placenta increta, placenta percreta, morbidly adherent placenta, and invasive placentation. The incidence of placenta accreta spectrum has increased in recent years, largely driven by increasing rates of cesarean delivery. Prenatal detection of placenta accreta spectrum is primarily made by ultrasound and is important to reduce maternal morbidity associated with the condition. Despite a large body of research on various placenta accreta spectrum ultrasound markers and their screening performance, inconsistencies in the literature persist. In response to the need for standardizing the definitions of placenta accreta spectrum markers and the approach to the ultrasound examination, the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine convened a task force with representatives from the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American College of Radiology, the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Society for Radiologists in Ultrasound, the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography, and the Gottesfeld-Hohler Memorial Ultrasound Foundation. The goals of the task force were to assess placenta accreta spectrum sonographic markers on the basis of available data and expert consensus, provide a standardized approach to the prenatal ultrasound evaluation of the uterus and placenta in pregnancies at risk of placenta accreta spectrum, and identify research gaps in the field. This manuscript provides information on the Placenta Accreta Spectrum Task Force process and findings.
PMID: 33386103
ISSN: 1097-6868
CID: 4738302

Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation Promotes Macrophage Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Chandra, Pallavi; He, Li; Zimmerman, Matthew; Yang, Guozhe; Köster, Stefan; Ouimet, Mireille; Wang, Han; Moore, Kathyrn J; Dartois, Véronique; Schilling, Joel D; Philips, Jennifer A
Macrophage activation involves metabolic reprogramming to support antimicrobial cellular functions. How these metabolic shifts influence the outcome of infection by intracellular pathogens remains incompletely understood. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) modulates host metabolic pathways and utilizes host nutrients, including cholesterol and fatty acids, to survive within macrophages. We found that intracellular growth of Mtb depends on host fatty acid catabolism: when host fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) was blocked chemically with trimetazidine, a compound in clinical use, or genetically by deletion of the mitochondrial fatty acid transporter carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2), Mtb failed to grow in macrophages, and its growth was attenuated in mice. Mechanistic studies support a model in which inhibition of FAO generates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which enhance macrophage NADPH oxidase and xenophagy activity to better control Mtb infection. Thus, FAO inhibition promotes key antimicrobial functions of macrophages and overcomes immune evasion mechanisms of Mtb.IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading infectious disease killer worldwide. We discovered that intracellular Mtb fails to grow in macrophages in which fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is blocked. Macrophages treated with FAO inhibitors rapidly generate a burst of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species, which promotes NADPH oxidase recruitment and autophagy to limit the growth of Mtb. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of trimetazidine to reduce pathogen burden in mice infected with Mtb. These studies will add to the knowledge of how host metabolism modulates Mtb infection outcomes.
PMCID:7343992
PMID: 32636249
ISSN: 2150-7511
CID: 4545892

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Type VII Secretion System Effectors Differentially Impact the ESCRT Endomembrane Damage Response

Mittal, Ekansh; Skowyra, Michael L; Uwase, Grace; Tinaztepe, Emir; Mehra, Alka; Köster, Stefan; Hanson, Phyllis I; Philips, Jennifer A
Intracellular pathogens have varied strategies to breach the endolysosomal barrier so that they can deliver effectors to the host cytosol, access nutrients, replicate in the cytoplasm, and avoid degradation in the lysosome. In the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium perforates the phagosomal membrane shortly after being taken up by macrophages. Phagosomal damage depends upon the mycobacterial ESX-1 type VII secretion system (T7SS). Sterile insults, such as silica crystals or membranolytic peptides, can also disrupt phagosomal and endolysosomal membranes. Recent work revealed that the host endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery rapidly responds to sterile endolysosomal damage and promotes membrane repair. We hypothesized that ESCRTs might also respond to pathogen-induced phagosomal damage and that M. tuberculosis could impair this host response. Indeed, we found that ESCRT-III proteins were recruited to M. tuberculosis phagosomes in an ESX-1-dependent manner. We previously demonstrated that the mycobacterial effectors EsxG/TB9.8 and EsxH/TB10.4, both secreted by the ESX-3 T7SS, can inhibit ESCRT-dependent trafficking of receptors to the lysosome. Here, we additionally show that ESCRT-III recruitment to sites of endolysosomal damage is antagonized by EsxG and EsxH, both within the context of M. tuberculosis infection and sterile injury. Moreover, EsxG and EsxH themselves respond within minutes to membrane damage in a manner that is independent of calcium and ESCRT-III recruitment. Thus, our study reveals that T7SS effectors and ESCRT participate in a series of measures and countermeasures for control of phagosome integrity.IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, which kills more people than any other infection. M. tuberculosis grows in macrophages, cells that specialize in engulfing and degrading microorganisms. Like many intracellular pathogens, in order to cause disease, M. tuberculosis damages the membrane-bound compartment (phagosome) in which it is enclosed after macrophage uptake. Recent work showed that when chemicals damage this type of intracellular compartment, cells rapidly detect and repair the damage, using machinery called the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT). Therefore, we hypothesized that ESCRT might also respond to pathogen-induced damage. At the same time, our previous work showed that the EsxG-EsxH heterodimer of M. tuberculosis can inhibit ESCRT, raising the possibility that M. tuberculosis impairs this host response. Here, we show that ESCRT is recruited to damaged M. tuberculosis phagosomes and that EsxG-EsxH undermines ESCRT-mediated endomembrane repair. Thus, our studies demonstrate a battle between host and pathogen over endomembrane integrity.
PMID: 30482832
ISSN: 2150-7511
CID: 3500612

Consequence of enhanced LC3-trafficking for a live, attenuated M. tuberculosis vaccine

Koster, Stefan; Klevorn, Thais; Papavinasasundaram, Kadamba; Sassetti, Christopher M; Portal-Celhay, Cynthia; Philips, Jennifer A
Development of a new vaccine against tuberculosis is urgently needed. Recent work has demonstrated that two related LC3-associated trafficking pathways, autophagy and LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), enhance antigen presentation and might play a role in vaccine efficacy. Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits both LC3-trafficking pathways. Moreover, the vaccine strain, BCG, induces even less LC3-trafficking than M. tuberculosis, which may help explain its limited efficacy. To determine whether enhanced LC3-trafficking can improve efficacy of a live, attenuated M. tuberculosis vaccine, we took advantage of our recent finding that the bacterial virulence factor CpsA inhibits LAP. When we deleted cpsA in the mc26206 vaccine strain, it dramatically increased LC3-trafficking. We compared the protective efficacy of the strain lacking cpsA to the parent strain and to BCG in mice challenged with M. tuberculosis. We found that the strain lacking cpsA generated modestly enhanced protection in the spleen, but overall did not outperform BCG.
PMCID:5930169
PMID: 29343411
ISSN: 1873-2518
CID: 2978852

Why macrophages cannot LAP up TB

Koster, Stefan; Upadhyay, Sandeep; Philips, Jennifer A
M. tuberculosis causes an enormous worldwide burden of disease. Its success depends upon subverting the antimicrobial capacity of macrophages. We have known for decades that M. tuberculosis impairs phagosomal trafficking to avoid lysosomal degradation, but the mechanism is unclear. Recent work has described a phagolysosomal pathway called LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), in which LC3 associates with microbe-containing phagosomes. Macrophage pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate LAP, and NADPH oxidase and RUBCN/RUBICON are required for LAP. We discovered that CpsA, an exported M. tuberculosis virulence factor, blocks LAP by interfering with recruitment of CYBB/NOX2 (cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide) to the mycobacterial phagosome. In macrophages and in mice, M. tuberculosis mutants lacking cpsA are successfully cleared by NADPH oxidase and the ensuing LC3-associated lysosomal trafficking pathway. CpsA belongs to the LytR-CpsA-Psr family, which is found widely in Gram-positive bacilli. This family is known for its enzymatic role in cell wall assembly. However, our data suggest that CpsA inhibits CYBB oxidase independently of a cell wall function. Thus, CpsA may have evolved from an enzyme involved in cell wall integrity to an indispensable virulence factor that M. tuberculosis uses to evade the innate immune response.
PMCID:5915023
PMID: 29313424
ISSN: 1554-8635
CID: 2969852

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is protected from NADPH oxidase and LC3-associated phagocytosis by the LCP protein CpsA

Koster, Stefan; Upadhyay, Sandeep; Chandra, Pallavi; Papavinasasundaram, Kadamba; Yang, Guozhe; Hassan, Amir; Grigsby, Steven J; Mittal, Ekansh; Park, Heidi S; Jones, Victoria; Hsu, Fong-Fu; Jackson, Mary; Sassetti, Christopher M; Philips, Jennifer A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis' success as a pathogen comes from its ability to evade degradation by macrophages. Normally macrophages clear microorganisms that activate pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) through a lysosomal-trafficking pathway called "LC3-associated phagocytosis" (LAP). Although Mtuberculosis activates numerous PRRs, for reasons that are poorly understood LAP does not substantially contribute to Mtuberculosis control. LAP depends upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase, but Mtuberculosis fails to generate a robust oxidative response. Here, we show that CpsA, a LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) domain-containing protein, is required for Mtuberculosis to evade killing by NADPH oxidase and LAP. Unlike phagosomes containing wild-type bacilli, phagosomes containing the DeltacpsA mutant recruited NADPH oxidase, produced ROS, associated with LC3, and matured into antibacterial lysosomes. Moreover, CpsA was sufficient to impair NADPH oxidase recruitment to fungal particles that are normally cleared by LAP. Intracellular survival of the DeltacpsA mutant was largely restored in macrophages missing LAP components (Nox2, Rubicon, Beclin, Atg5, Atg7, or Atg16L1) but not in macrophages defective in a related, canonical autophagy pathway (Atg14, Ulk1, or cGAS). The DeltacpsA mutant was highly impaired in vivo, and its growth was partially restored in mice deficient in NADPH oxidase, Atg5, or Atg7, demonstrating that CpsA makes a significant contribution to the resistance of Mtuberculosis to NADPH oxidase and LC3 trafficking in vivo. Overall, our findings reveal an essential role of CpsA in innate immune evasion and suggest that LCP proteins have functions beyond their previously known role in cell-wall metabolism.
PMCID:5642705
PMID: 28973896
ISSN: 1091-6490
CID: 2720252

Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxH inhibits ESCRT-dependent CD4+ T-cell activation

Portal-Celhay, Cynthia; Tufariello, JoAnn M; Srivastava, Smita; Zahra, Aleena; Klevorn, Thais; Grace, Patricia S; Mehra, Alka; Park, Heidi S; Ernst, Joel D; Jacobs, William R Jr; Philips, Jennifer A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) establishes a persistent infection, despite inducing antigen-specific T-cell responses. Although T cells arrive at the site of infection, they do not provide sterilizing immunity. The molecular basis of how Mtb impairs T-cell function is not clear. Mtb has been reported to block major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) antigen presentation; however, no bacterial effector or host-cell target mediating this effect has been identified. We recently found that Mtb EsxH, which is secreted by the Esx-3 type VII secretion system, directly inhibits the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Here, we showed that ESCRT is required for optimal antigen processing; correspondingly, overexpression and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that EsxH inhibited the ability of macrophages and dendritic cells to activate Mtb antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Compared with the wild-type strain, the esxH-deficient strain induced fivefold more antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation in the mediastinal lymph nodes of mice. We also found that EsxH undermined the ability of effector CD4+ T cells to recognize infected macrophages and clear Mtb. These results provide a molecular explanation for how Mtb impairs the adaptive immune response.
PMCID:5453184
PMID: 27918526
ISSN: 2058-5276
CID: 2353402

The role of metal-dependent regulation of ESX-3 secretion on the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tinaztepe, Emir; Wei, Jun-Rong; Raynowska, Jenelle; Portal-Celhay, Cynthia; Thompson, Victor; Philips, Jennifer A
More people die every year from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) than any other bacterial pathogen. Type VII secretion systems (T7SS) are used by both environmental and pathogenic mycobacteria to secrete proteins across their complex cell envelope. In the non-pathogen, Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msmeg), the ESX-1 T7SS plays a role in conjugation, and the ESX-3 T7SS is involved in metal homeostasis. In Mtb, these secretion systems have taken on roles in virulence, and they also are targets of the host immune response. ESX-3 secretes a heterodimer composed of EsxG (TB9.8) and EsxH (TB10.4), which impairs phagosome maturation in macrophages and is essential for virulence in mice. Given the importance of EsxG and EsxH during infection, we examined their regulation. In Mtb, the secretion of EsxG and EsxH was regulated in response to iron and zinc, in accordance with the previously described transcriptional response of the esx-3 locus to these metals. While iron regulated esx-3 expression in both Mtb and Msmeg, there is a significant difference in the dynamics of this regulation. In Msmeg the esx-3 locus behaved like other iron-regulated genes such as mbtB In Mtb both iron and zinc modestly repressed esx-3 expression. Diminished secretion of EsxG and EsxH in response to these metals altered the interaction of Mtb with macrophages, leading to impaired intracellular Mtb survival. Our findings detail the regulatory differences of esx-3 in Mtb and Msmeg and demonstrate the importance of metal-dependent regulation of ESX-3 for virulence in Mtb.
PMCID:4962639
PMID: 27245412
ISSN: 1098-5522
CID: 2125092