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Bivalent dopamine agonists with co-operative binding and functional activities at dopamine D2 receptors, modulate aggregation and toxicity of alpha synuclein protein

Dinda, Bidyut; Das, Banibrata; Biswas, Swati; Sharma, Horrick; Armstrong, Christopher; Yedlapudi, Deepthi; Antonio, Tamara; Reith, Maarten; Dutta, Aloke K
To follow up on our previous report on bivalent compounds exhibiting potent co-operative binding at dopamine D2 receptors, we modified the structure of the linker in our earlier bivalent molecules (S)-6-((9-(((R)-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)(propyl)amino)nonyl)-(propyl)amino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol (Ia) and (S)-6-((10-(((R)-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)(propyl)amino)decyl)(propyl)amino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol (Ib) (Fig. 1) connecting the two pharmaophoric moieties to observe any tolerance in maintaining similar affinities and potencies. Specifically, we introduced aromatic and piperazine moieties in the linker to explore their effect. Overall, similar activities at D2 receptors as observed in our earlier study was maintained in the new molecules e.g. (6S,6'S)-6,6'-((1,4-phenylenebis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(propylazanediyl))bis(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol) (D-382) (Ki, D2 = 3.88 nM). The aromatic moiety in D-382 was next functionalized by introducing hydroxyl groups to mimic polyhydroxy natural products which are known to interact with amyloidogenic proteins. Such a transformation resulted in development of compounds like 2,5-bis(2-(((S)-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)(propyl)amino)ethyl)benzene-1,4-diol (D-666) (Ki, D2 = 7.62 nM) which retained similar affinity and potency at D2 receptors. Such dihydroxyl compounds turned out to be potent inhibitors against aggregation and toxicity of recombinant alpha synuclein protein. The work reported here is in line with our overall goal to develop multifunctional dopamine agonist for symptomatic and disease modifying treatment of Parkinson's disease.
PMID: 36571976
ISSN: 1464-3391
CID: 5409532

Overview of the structure and function of the dopamine transporter and its protein interactions

Nepal, Binod; Das, Sanjay; Reith, Maarten E.; Kortagere, Sandhya
The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays an integral role in dopamine neurotransmission through the clearance of dopamine from the extracellular space. Dysregulation of DAT is central to the pathophysiology of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders and as such is an attractive therapeutic target. DAT belongs to the solute carrier family 6 (SLC6) class of Na+/Cl− dependent transporters that move various cargo into neurons against their concentration gradient. This review focuses on DAT (SCL6A3 protein) while extending the narrative to the closely related transporters for serotonin and norepinephrine where needed for comparison or functional relevance. Cloning and site-directed mutagenesis experiments provided early structural knowledge of DAT but our contemporary understanding was achieved through a combination of crystallization of the related bacterial transporter LeuT, homology modeling, and subsequently the crystallization of drosophila DAT. These seminal findings enabled a better understanding of the conformational states involved in the transport of substrate, subsequently aiding state-specific drug design. Post-translational modifications to DAT such as phosphorylation, palmitoylation, ubiquitination also influence the plasma membrane localization and kinetics. Substrates and drugs can interact with multiple sites within DAT including the primary S1 and S2 sites involved in dopamine binding and novel allosteric sites. Major research has centered around the question what determines the substrate and inhibitor selectivity of DAT in comparison to serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. DAT has been implicated in many neurological disorders and may play a role in the pathology of HIV and Parkinson"™s disease via direct physical interaction with HIV-1 Tat and α-synuclein proteins respectively.
SCOPUS:85150452347
ISSN: 1664-042x
CID: 5447472

Corrigendum to "D-578, an orally active triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, displays antidepressant and anti-PTSD like effects in rats" [Eur. J. Pharmacol. 862 (2019) 172632]

Dutta, Aloke K; Santra, Soumava; Harutyunyan, Arman; Das, Banibrata; Lisieski, Michael J; Xu, Liping; Antonio, Tamara; Reith, Maarten E A; Perrine, Shane A
PMID: 36167739
ISSN: 1879-0712
CID: 5351152

MED27, SLC6A7, and MPPE1 Variants in a Complex Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Severe Dystonia

Reid, Kimberley M; Spaull, Robert; Salian, Smrithi; Barwick, Katy; Meyer, Esther; Zhen, Juan; Hirata, Hiromi; Sheipouri, Diba; Benkerroum, Hind; Gorman, Kathleen M; Papandreou, Apostolos; Simpson, Michael A; Hirano, Yoshinobu; Farabella, Irene; Topf, Maya; Grozeva, Detelina; Carss, Keren; Smith, Martin; Pall, Hardev; Lunt, Peter; De Gressi, Susanna; Kamsteeg, Erik-Jan; Haack, Tobias B; Carr, Lucinda; Guerreiro, Rita; Bras, Jose; Maher, Eamonn R; Scott, Richard H; Vandenberg, Robert J; Raymond, F Lucy; Chong, Wui K; Sudhakar, Sniya; Mankad, Kshitij; Reith, Maarten E; Campeau, Philippe M; Harvey, Robert J; Kurian, Manju A
BACKGROUND:Despite advances in next generation sequencing technologies, the identification of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) can often hinder definitive diagnosis in patients with complex neurodevelopmental disorders. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the underlying cause of disease in a family with two children with severe developmental delay associated with generalized dystonia and episodic status dystonicus, chorea, epilepsy, and cataracts. METHODS:Candidate genes identified by autozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing were characterized using cellular and vertebrate model systems. RESULTS:Homozygous variants were found in three candidate genes: MED27, SLC6A7, and MPPE1. Although the patients had features of MED27-related disorder, the SLC6A7 and MPPE1 variants were functionally investigated. SLC6A7 variant in vitro overexpression caused decreased proline transport as a result of reduced cell-surface expression, and zebrafish knockdown of slc6a7 exhibited developmental delay and fragile motor neuron morphology that could not be rescued by L-proline transporter-G396S RNA. Lastly, patient fibroblasts displayed reduced cell-surface expression of glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins linked to MPPE1 dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS:We report a family harboring a homozygous MED27 variant with additional loss-of-function SLC6A7 and MPPE1 gene variants, which potentially contribute to a blended phenotype caused by multilocus pathogenic variants. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
PMID: 35876425
ISSN: 1531-8257
CID: 5276222

Corrigendum to "D-578, an orally active triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, displays antidepressant and anti-PTSD like effects in rats" [Eur. J. Pharmacol. 862 (2019) 172632-172640]

Dutta, Aloke K; Santra, Soumava; Harutyunyan, Arman; Das, Banibrata; Lisieski, Michael J; Xu, Liping; Antonio, Tamara; Reith, Maarten E A; Perrine, Shane A
PMID: 36038378
ISSN: 1879-0712
CID: 5332062

The dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3: multidisease risks

Reith, Maarten E A; Kortagere, Sandhya; Wiers, Corinde E; Sun, Hui; Kurian, Manju A; Galli, Aurelio; Volkow, Nora D; Lin, Zhicheng
The human dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3 has been consistently implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases but the disease mechanism remains elusive. In this risk synthesis, we have concluded that SLC6A3 represents an increasingly recognized risk with a growing number of familial mutants associated with neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. At least five loci were related to common and severe diseases including alcohol use disorder (high activity variant), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (low activity variant), autism (familial proteins with mutated networking) and movement disorders (both regulatory variants and familial mutations). Association signals depended on genetic markers used as well as ethnicity examined. Strong haplotype selection and gene-wide epistases support multimarker assessment of functional variations and phenotype associations. Inclusion of its promoter region's functional markers such as DNPi (rs67175440) and 5'VNTR (rs70957367) may help delineate condensate-based risk action, testing a locus-pathway-phenotype hypothesis for one gene-multidisease etiology.
PMID: 34650206
ISSN: 1476-5578
CID: 5068052

SLC6 transporter oligomerization

Jayaraman, Kumaresan; Das, Anand K; Luethi, Dino; SzöllÅ‘si, Dániel; Schütz, Gerhard J; Reith, Maarten Ea; Sitte, Harald H; Stockner, Thomas
Transporters of the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family mediate the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and glycine. SLC6 family members are twelve transmembrane helix-spanning proteins that operate by using the transmembrane sodium gradient for transport. These transporters assume various quaternary arrangements ranging from monomers to complex stoichiometries with multiple subunits. Dopamine and serotonin transporter oligomerization has been implicated in trafficking of newly formed proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane with a pre-fixed assembly. Once at the plasma membrane, oligomers are kept fixed in their quaternary assembly by interaction with phosphoinositides. While it remains unclear how oligomer formation precisely affects physiological transporter function, it has been shown that oligomerization supports the activity of release-type psychostimulants. Most recently, single molecule microscopy experiments unveiled that the stoichiometry differs between individual members of the SLC6 family. The present overview summarizes our understanding of the influence of plasma membrane constituents on transporter oligomerization, describes the known interfaces between protomers and discusses open questions.
PMID: 32767560
ISSN: 1471-4159
CID: 4560182

Novel Potent Dopamine-Norepinephrine and Triple Reuptake Uptake Inhibitors Based on Asymmetric Pyran Template and Their Molecular Interactions with Monoamine Transporters

Santra, Soumava; Kortagere, Sandhya; Vedachalam, Seenuvasan; Gogoi, Sanjib; Antonio, Tamara; Reith, Maarten E A; Dutta, Aloke K
We have carried out a structural exploration of (2S,4R,5R)-2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-5-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol (D-473) to investigate the influence of various functional groups on its aromatic ring, the introduction of heterocyclic aromatic rings, and the alteration of the stereochemistry of functional group on the pyran ring. The novel compounds were tested for their affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the brain by measuring their potency in inhibiting monoamine neurotransmitter uptake. Our studies identified some of the most potent dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors known to-date like D-528 and D-529. The studies also led to development of potent triple reuptake inhibitors such as compounds D-544 and D-595. A significant influence from the alteration of the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group on the pyran ring of D-473 on transporters affinities was observed indicating stereospecific preference for interaction. The inhibitory profiles and structure-activity relationship of lead compounds were further corroborated by molecular docking studies at the primary binding sites of monoamine transporters. The nature of interactions found computationally correlated well with their affinities for the transporters.
PMID: 33844493
ISSN: 1948-7193
CID: 4845752

Molecular Mechanisms of Amphetamines

Reith, Maarten E A; Gnegy, Margaret E
There is a plethora of amphetamine derivatives exerting stimulant, euphoric, anti-fatigue, and hallucinogenic effects; all structural properties allowing these effects are contained within the amphetamine structure. In the first part of this review, the interaction of amphetamine with the dopamine transporter (DAT), crucially involved in its behavioral effects, is covered, as well as the role of dopamine synthesis, the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2, and organic cation 3 transporter (OCT3). The second part deals with requirements in amphetamine's effect on the kinases PKC, CaMKII, and ERK, whereas the third part focuses on where we are in developing anti-amphetamine therapeutics. Thus, treatments are discussed that target DAT, VMAT2, PKC, CaMKII, and OCT3. As is generally true for the development of therapeutics for substance use disorder, there are multiple preclinically promising specific compounds against (meth)amphetamine, for which further development and clinical trials are badly needed.
PMID: 31286212
ISSN: 0171-2004
CID: 3976482

D-578, an orally active triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, displays antidepressant and anti-PTSD effects in rats

Dutta, Aloke K; Santra, Soumava; Harutyunyan, Arman; Das, Banibrata; Xu, Liping; Antonio, Tamara; Reith, Maarten E A; Perrine, Shane A
Significant unmet needs exist for development of better pharmacotherapeutic agents for major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the current drugs are inadequate. Our goal in this study is to investigate behavioral pharmacological characterization of a novel triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI) D-578 which exhibits nanomolar potency at all three monoamine transporters (Ki; 16.2. 16.2, 3.23 nM, and 29.6, 20.6, 6.10 nM for the rat brain and cloned human dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporters, respectively) and exhibited little to no affinity for other off-target CNS receptors. In a rat forced swim test, compound D-578 upon oral administration displayed high efficacy and not stimulating in locomotor behavior. The effects of D-578 and paroxetine were next evaluated in a rat model for traumatic stress exposure - the single prolonged stress (SPS) model - which has been shown to have construct, predictive, and behavioral validity in modeling aspects of PTSD. Our results show that SPS had no effect on the acquisition of conditioned fear, but impaired extinction learning and extinction retention of fear behavior compared to sham treatment. D-578, but not paroxetine, attenuated the extinction and extinction-retention deficit induced by SPS. These findings suggest that D-578 has greater efficacy in normalizing traumatic stress-induced extinction-retention learning in a model for PTSD compared to paroxetine. Overall these results suggest that D-578, in addition to producing a robust and efficacious antidepressant effect, may attenuate maladaptive retention of fearful memories and support further testing of this agent for the pharmacotherapy of depression and PTSD.
PMID: 31473161
ISSN: 1879-0712
CID: 4066782