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Functional Outcomes of a Comprehensive, Individualized, Person-Centered Management Program in Advanced Alzheimer"™s Disease(AD): Results from a 52-Week Randomized Controlled Trial

Kenowsky, Sunnie; Shao, Yongzhao; Zhang, Qiao; Dafflisio, Gianna; Vedvyas, Alok; Vedvyas, Gaurav; Golomb, James B.; Torossian, Carol; Marsh, Karyn; Heller, Sloane; Sadowski, Martin J.; Reisberg, Barry
Background: We conducted a 28-week, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of Comprehensive, Individualized, Person-Centered Management (CI-PCM) and memantine treatment (Reisberg et al., Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2017) in advanced AD persons. CI-PCM and memantine was approximately 7.5 times more beneficial to AD persons on the Functional Assessment Staging Tool (FAST) (Kenowsky et. al., Alzheimer"™s and Dementia, 2017) than to AD persons who received memantine alone in the memantine FDA approval pivotal trial conducted by Reisberg et. al., (NEJM 2003). We also conducted a 24-week extension study. Herein, we report the difference in functional outcomes between the CI-PCM and Usual Community Care (UCC+FC) groups at 52-weeks on the FAST and the ADCS-ADLSev-Abv. See Figures 1 and 2. Method: After screening, 20 eligible subject-carepartner dyads were randomized equally to the CI-PCM and UCC+FC groups. All 20 dyads completed the 28-week study and entered the 24-week extension study. One subject in the UCC+FC group died during the extension study. The FAST and ADCS-ADLsev-abv were conducted at baseline, and weeks 4, 12, 28, and 52. P values were calculated using the Wilcoxon Mann Whitney test. Result: The mean FAST total score from baseline (6.6±0.1SE) to week 52 (6.5±0.01SE) showed an improvement of functional limitations in the CI-PCM group. The mean FAST total score for the UCC+FC group showed a functional decline from baseline (6.6±0.1SE) to week 52 (6.8±0.1SE), displaying a robustly significant difference between the two groups (p<0.0014). The mean ADCS-ADL-sev-abv total score for the CI-PCM group demonstrated a 20.9% improvement in functioning from baseline (15.3±2.0SE) to week 52 (18.5±2.5SE). The mean ADCS-ADL-sev-abv total score for the UCC+FC group showed a decline of 48.6% from baseline (14.8±2.1SE) to week 52 (7.6±2.3SE), indicating a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.009). Conclusion: The CI-PCM program is the only evidenced-based treatment to date that can significantly improve and reverse functional deterioration in advanced AD persons. The functional success of the CI-PCM program may primarily be attributed to care partners learning to memory coach AD persons to perform daily activities such as bathing, dressing, feeding and toileting themselves, and to become/maintain urinary and fecal continence.
SCOPUS:85144362721
ISSN: 1552-5260
CID: 5393842

Psychometric Cognitive Decline Precedes the Advent of Subjective Cognitive Decline in the Evolution of Alzheimer's Disease

Reisberg, Barry; Shao, Yongzhao; Moosavi, Mesum; Kenowsky, Sunnie; Vedvyas, Alok; Marsh, Karyn; Bao, Jia; Buj, Maja; Torossian, Carol; Kluger, Alan; Vedvyas, Gaurav; Oo, Thet; Malik, Fawad; Arain, Fauzia; Masurkar, Arjun V; Wisniewski, Thomas
BACKGROUND:We have described the clinical stages of the brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. In terms of the pre-dementia stages of AD, we introduced the terminology "mild cognitive impairment" (MCI) for the first pre-dementia stage and "subjective cognitive decline" (SCD) for the pre-MCI stage. We now report the characteristics of a pre-SCD condition eventuating in likely AD. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to characterize a pre-SCD condition eventuating in AD. METHOD/METHODS:Sixty healthy persons with "no cognitive decline" (NCD) were recruited and 47 were followed (mean baseline age, 64.1 ± 8.9 years; mean follow-up time, 6.7 ± 3.1 years). Outcome was determined at the final assessment prior to 2002 as "decliner," if SCD or worse, or "nondecliner" if NCD. RESULTS:After controlling for age, gender, years of education, and follow-up time, there was a between-group difference in the decline rate (p < 0.001). Also, after controlling for demographic variables and follow-up time, the combinatorial psychometric score was lower at baseline in the future decliners (p = 0.035). Of the 9 psychometric variables, after controlling for demographic variables and follow-up time, 3 were significantly lower at baseline in future decliners. Since AD is known to be age related and all subjects in this study were otherwise healthy, we also did an analysis without controlling for age. The combinatorial psychometric score was highly significantly better at baseline in the future nondecliners than in the future decliners (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:This is ostensibly the first study to link psychometric cognitive decline to the subsequent SCD stage of eventual AD.
PMID: 32388509
ISSN: 1421-9824
CID: 4428002

Two Year Outcomes, Cognitive and Behavioral Markers of Decline in Healthy, Cognitively Normal Older Persons with Global Deterioration Scale Stage 2 (Subjective Cognitive Decline with Impairment)

Reisberg, Barry; Torossian, Carol; Shulman, Melanie B; Monteiro, Isabel; Boksay, Istvan; Golomb, James; Guillo Benarous, Francoise; Ulysse, Anaztasia; Oo, Thet; Vedvyas, Alok; Rao, Julia A; Marsh, Karyn; Kluger, Alan; Sangha, Jaspreet; Hassan, Mudasar; Alshalabi, Munther; Arain, Fauzia; Shaikh, Naveed; Buj, Maja; Kenowsky, Sunnie; Masurkar, Arjun V; Rabin, Laura; Noroozian, Maryam; Sánchez-Saudinós, Mar A Belén; Blesa, Rafael; Auer, Stefanie; Zhang, Yian; de Leon, Mony; Sadowski, Martin; Wisniewski, Thomas; Gauthier, Serge; Shao, Yongzhao
BACKGROUND:Little is known with respect to behavioral markers of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), a condition initially described in association with Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) stage 2. OBJECTIVE:Two-year interval behavioral markers were investigated herein. METHODS:Subjects from a published 7-year outcome study of GDS stage 2 subjects were selected. This study had demonstrated a hazard ratio of 4.5 for progression of GDS stage 2, in comparison with GDS stage 1 (no subjective or objective cognitive decline) subjects, after controlling for demographic and temporal variables. Because GDS 2 subjects have previously demonstrated impairment in comparison with healthy persons free of complaints, we herein suggest the terminology "SCD(I)" for these persons. 98 SCD(I) persons, 63 women and 35 men, mean baseline age, 67.12±8.75 years, with a mean educational background of 15.55±2.60 years, and mean baseline MMSE scores of 28.9±1.24 were followed for 2.13±0.30 years. RESULTS:Observed annual decline on the GDS was 6.701% per annum, very close to a 1986 published estimate. At follow up, the MMSE, and 7 of 8 psychometric tests did not decline significantly. Of 21 Hamilton Depression Scale items, 2 improved and the remainder were unchanged. Anxieties declined from multiple perspectives. The Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS) declined significantly (p < 0.001), with component declines in Remote memory (p < 0.01), and Functioning/self-care (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:SCD(I) persons decline at an annual rate of approximately 6.7% /year from several recent studies. The BCRS assessments and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test can be sensitive measures for future studies of progression mitigation.
PMID: 30689585
ISSN: 1875-8908
CID: 3626022

Comprehensive, Individualized, Person-Centered Management of Community-Residing Persons with Moderate-to-Severe Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Reisberg, Barry; Shao, Yongzhao; Golomb, James; Monteiro, Isabel; Torossian, Carol; Boksay, Istvan; Shulman, Melanie; Heller, Sloane; Zhu, Zhaoyin; Atif, Ayesha; Sidhu, Jaskirat; Vedvyas, Alok; Kenowsky, Sunnie
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim was to examine added benefits of a Comprehensive, Individualized, Person-Centered Management (CI-PCM) program to memantine treatment. METHODS: This was a 28-week, clinician-blinded, randomized, controlled, parallel-group study, with a similar study population, similar eligibility criteria, and a similar design to the memantine pivotal trial of Reisberg et al. [N Engl J Med 2003;348:1333-1341]. Twenty eligible community-residing Alzheimer disease (AD) subject-caregiver dyads were randomized to the CI-PCM program (n = 10) or to usual community care (n = 10). Primary outcomes were the New York University Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input (NYU-CIBIC-Plus), assessed by one clinician set, and an activities of daily living inventory, assessed by a separate clinician set at baseline and at weeks 4, 12, and 28. RESULTS: Primary outcomes showed significant benefits of the CI-PCM program at all post-baseline evaluations. Improvement on the NYU-CIBIC-Plus in the management group at 28 weeks was 2.9 points over the comparator group. The memantine 2003 trial showed an improvement of 0.3 points on this global measure in memantine-treated versus placebo-randomized subjects at 28 weeks. Hence, globally, the management program intervention benefits were 967% greater than memantine treatment alone. CONCLUSION: These results are approximately 10 times those usually observed with both nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments and indicate substantial benefits with the management program for advanced AD persons.
PMCID:5562438
PMID: 28122366
ISSN: 1421-9824
CID: 2418532

Effects of a comprehensive, individualized person-centered management program on persons with moderately severe Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial-comprehensive study findings [Meeting Abstract]

Reisberg, B; Monteiro, I; Torossian, C; Xu, J; Janjua, K; Ghimire, S; Sommese, K; Kenowsky, S
Background: Persons with moderately severe AD are the most distressed AD persons (Reisberg, et al., Bull Clin Neurosci, 1989). We described some needs and potential solutions for these persons in a "science of AD management" (Reisberg, et al., Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2002). Subsequently, memantine, the first medication for advanced AD, demonstrated efficacy. We therefore investigated a Comprehensive Individualized Person Centered Management Program (CI-PCM) in addition to memantine treatment, in moderately severe AD persons. Methods: This was a 28 week, randomized, blinded, parallel group study in which 20 probable AD subjects (MMSE range = 3 - 14; Global Deterioration Scale [GDS] stage 5 or 6), with basic activity of daily living (ADL) deficits (Functional Assessment Staging [FAST] scale stages > 6a), were randomly assigned to: (1) the CI-PCM program with memantine treatment or (2) memantine treatment alone. The CI-PCM program included home visits, caregiver training and support groups. Results for one primary outcome, the NYU CIBICPlus, have previously been reported. We now report outcomes for the other assessments (see Tables 1 to 3). Results: Ten subjects were randomized to each treatment condition. All completed the study. Endpoint results are reported herein (Tables 1 to 3). Both ADL assessments (the ADCS-ADLsev abr. and the FAST-DS) showed significant effects (p < 0.01) in favor of the CI-PCM subject group. Both behavioral assessments (the BEHAVE-AD-FW and the RMBPC) also showed significant disturbance reductions in the CI-PCM subjects (p = 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Neither cognitive assessment (the SIB or the MMSE) showed significant between group differences. Conclusions: The present results are consonant with observations we previously reported with the NYU CIBIC-Plus in which subscale analyses also indicated robust effects of the CI-PCM intervention on functioning and behavior, but not cognition. The NYU CIBIC-Plus clinician raters were different from and blind to the raters' evaluations of the results reported herein. Hence, it is clear that the CI-PCM program, from multiple rater perspectives, and multiple assessments, produces robust positive effects on functioning and behavior. These results are of great potential significance for AD persons and their caregivers. (Table presented)
EMBASE:72125165
ISSN: 1552-5260
CID: 1923972

The BEHAVE-AD Assessment System: A Perspective, A Commentary on New Findings, and A Historical Review

Reisberg, Barry; Monteiro, Isabel; Torossian, Carol; Auer, Stefanie; Shulman, Melanie B; Ghimire, Santosh; Boksay, Istvan; Guillo Benarous, Francoise; Osorio, Ricardo; Vengassery, Aninditha; Imran, Sheema; Shaker, Hussam; Noor, Sadaf; Naqvi, Shazia; Kenowsky, Sunnie; Xu, Jinfeng
Background: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and associated disturbances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are a source of distress and burden for spouses, professional caregivers, and others with responsibilities for the care of individuals with AD. BPSD with behavioral disturbances are also associated with more rapid institutionalization and increased morbidity and mortality for persons with AD. Objectives: In this review and commentary, we discuss the history of the development of BPSD and behavioral disturbance assessments, which are distinct from those evaluating cognitive and functional symptoms of AD. In particular, we review the informant-based Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD), the related, potentially more sensitive, BEHAVE-AD Frequency-Weighted Severity Scale (BEHAVE-AD-FW), and the direct subject evaluation-based Empirical BEHAVE-AD Rating Scale (E-BEHAVE-AD). The kinds of medications that alleviate behavioral symptoms on these measures as well as the problems and possibilities for further advances with these medications are discussed. Finally, the importance of distinguishing BPSD and behavioral disturbance remediation in AD from the treatment of cognitive decline and other aspects of AD is emphasized in the context of appropriate assessment methodology. The objective of this paper is to provide a framework for further advances in the treatment of BPSD and associated behavioral disturbances in AD and, consequently, a framework for continuing improvements in the lives of individuals with AD and those who share the burden of the disease with the AD person. (c) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
PMCID:4216810
PMID: 24714384
ISSN: 1420-8008
CID: 886392

Addition of a comprehensive, individualized, person centered management program, to memantine alone produces a 900% increment in a pivotal trial global measure over medication treatment alone in advanced alzheimer's disease [Meeting Abstract]

Reisberg, B; Kenowsky, S; Heller, S; Boksay, I; Golomb, J; Ghimire, S; Torossian, C; Lobach, I
Background: A decade ago, the senior author and colleagues published a multicenter study which demonstrated the efficacy of memantine in the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Reisberg, et al, N Engl J Med., 2003). This study served as a pivotal trial which supported the US and EU approvals of memantine as the first treatment for advanced AD. The advent of pharmacologic treatment of advanced AD served to highlight the continuing needs of these persons. Therefore, we simulta- neously developed a science of AD management (Reisberg, et al, Int Psychogeriatr, 1999; Reisberg, et al, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2002). After the U.S. approval of memantine treatment we embarked upon a study comparing a Comprehensive, Individualized, Person Centered Management Program (CI-PCM) in persons receiving memantine treatment, with memantine treatment alone. The inclusion criteria, outcome measures and study design were based on our 2003 NEJM memantine study. Subjects were randomized to CIPCM plus memantine treatment (n=10), or memantine treatment alone (controls, n=10). A primary pivotal, outcome measure was the NYU CIBIC-Plus, a global primary outcome used in the 2003 pivotal memantine trial. We recently reported that the CI-PCM+memantine treatment subjects showed significant improvement over the controls on this global outcome measure at all time periods examined (ie, 4, 12 and 28 weeks, p<0.01) (Reisberg, et al, Alzheimer's & Dementia, in press). Herein we describe the source and the meaning of the observed differences. Methods: The NYU CIBIC-Plus (Clinician's Interview Based Impression of Change, Plus Caregiver Input) assessment is comprised of 2 parts: Part 1. A subject interview, and Part 2: A caregiver interview. Part 1 has a cognitive component, a behavioral component total score, and a behavioral global score. Part 2 has a functional disability stage, a behavioral component total score, and a behavioral global score. Differences between the CI-PCM treatment group and the con!
EMBASE:71278551
ISSN: 0893-133x
CID: 752862

Memantine and comprehensive, individualized, person-centered management (CI-PCM) of Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial [Meeting Abstract]

Reisberg, B; Kenowsky, S; Boksay, I; Golomb, J; Heller, S; Ghimire, S; Salam, M; Qureshi, S; Kumar, M; Torossian, C; Vedvyas, A
Background: Demonstration of efficacy of memantine treatment for persons with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) over 28 weeks (Reisberg, et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 2003) highlighted both treatment possibilities and treatment needs of persons with advanced AD. In prior work, we developed a science of AD management (Reisberg, et al., Am. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2002), based upon scientific observations of the retrogenesis process and other pathologic AD processes (Reisberg, et al., Eur. Arch. Psych. Clin. Neurosci., 1999; Souren, et al., J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 1995; Franssen, et al., Arch Neurol., 1993). Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that application of this AD management science would result in improved outcomes beyond those with pharmacologic treatment alone. Methods: The same subject selection procedures were applied as in our published, double-blind, memantine trial. These included: community residence, age > 50, probable AD, a Global Deterioration Scale stage of 5 or 6, a Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) level of > 6a, and an MMSE score of 3 to 14. All subjects were titrated to a maintenance dose of memantine, 10 mg bid, as tolerated. Twenty participants were randomized to one of two groups, each comprised of 10 subjects. The intervention group received the CI-PCM program; the control group received financial compensation upon completion of study landmarks. Results: The first results of this study, presented herein, examined the primary outcome measure, the Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input (CIBIC-Plus) global scores (New York University version) (Reisberg,Int. Psychogeriatr., 2007). This assessment comprehensively evaluates change in terms of cognition, function and behavior. The results indicated significant improvement in CIBIC-Plus scores in the subjects in the management program versus the subjects receiving financial compensation (p < 0.01 at weeks 4 and 12 and p < 0.001 at week 28), with enhanced benefits throughout the 28 week stud!
EMBASE:71416480
ISSN: 1552-5260
CID: 953762

Remission of pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI), subjective cognitive impairment (SCI): A two-year prospective study of demographic and behavioral markers [Meeting Abstract]

Reisberg, Barry; Osorio, Ricardo; Khan, Asif; Torossian, Carol; Roy, Kamalika; Boksay, Istvan; Thwin, Ohnmar; Khanzada, Naveen; Kumar, Pawan; Shulman, Melanie; Lobach, Iryna
ORIGINAL:0007565
ISSN: 1552-5260
CID: 174416

The fast: A brief, practical, comprehensive, valid functional assessment for alzheimer's disease staging, diagnosis and differential diagnosis in the primary care setting [Meeting Abstract]

Reisberg B.; Wegiel J.; Franssen E.; Monteiro I.; Torossian C.; Anwar S.; Gill T.; Boksay I.; Auer S.; Shimada M.; Meguro K.
Background: Impairment in functional capacities is an integral domain in AD presentation, diagnosis and progression. Among many functional scales for AD assessment, the Functional Assessment Staging scale (FAST) (Table 1) uniquely: (1) charts the entire course of AD, from normal aging to most severe AD; (2) has relevance for AD diagnosis and differential diagnosis; and (3) is brief and easy to utilize. Methods: Reliability, validity, and utility of the FAST have been documented in worldwide studies and clinical settings. Results: The FAST has excellent reliability (e.g., Foster et al., Int J Geriatr. Psychiatry,1988; Sclan and Reisberg, Int. Psychogeriatr., 1992). Concurrent validity has been demonstrated with: cognitive assessments across the severity spectrum (e.g., Reisberg, et al., Int. Psychogeriatr., 1992; Shimada, et al., Psychogeriatrics, 2003; Auer et al., JAGS, 1994); other dementia scales (Na et al., JAD, 2010); and neurologic assessments (Franssen and Reisberg, Int. Psychogeriatr., 1997). Criterion validity investigations have indicated superiority of the FAST in comparison with the MMSE, in tracking the course of AD. E.g., in a 5 year prospective longitudinal study of AD course, the FAST accounted for w 2x the temporal variance of the MMSE (Reisberg, et al., Int. Psychogeriatr., 1996). Also, in a range where the MMSE is zero, the FAST demonstrated very robust relationships to AD neuropathology (e.g., r = 0.9 [p 0.01], with hippocampal cornu ammonis neuronal loss), (Bobinski, et al., J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1997). Additionally, in a pivotal trial, associated with worldwide approvals of memantine for AD treatment, FAST scores were sensitive to the intervention, MMSE change was not (Reisberg, et al., N Engl J Med., 2003). The FAST has shown widespread utility (e.g., usage mandated by U.S.A. Medicare since 1998, and the U.S.A. Veterans Administration System, since 2008). Conclusions: As noted in a Korean publication, the FAST is a rapid and easy to use staging tool with excellent validity. it. successfully measure[ s] detailed function throughout the entire course of AD. the FAST is composed of simple . and easy to understand sentences
EMBASE:70500916
ISSN: 1552-5260
CID: 136973