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132


Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in Children

Rao, Suchitra; Gross, Rachel S; Mohandas, Sindhu; Stein, Cheryl R; Case, Abigail; Dreyer, Benard; Pajor, Nathan M; Bunnell, H Timothy; Warburton, David; Berg, Elizabeth; Overdevest, Jonathan B; Gorelik, Mark; Milner, Joshua; Saxena, Sejal; Jhaveri, Ravi; Wood, John C; Rhee, Kyung E; Letts, Rebecca; Maughan, Christine; Guthe, Nick; Castro-Baucom, Leah; Stockwell, Melissa S
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant medical, social, and economic impacts globally, both in the short and long term. Although most individuals recover within a few days or weeks from an acute infection, some experience longer lasting effects. Data regarding the postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC) in children, or long COVID, are only just emerging in the literature. These symptoms and conditions may reflect persistent symptoms from acute infection (eg, cough, headaches, fatigue, and loss of taste and smell), new symptoms like dizziness, or exacerbation of underlying conditions. Children may develop conditions de novo, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, autoimmune conditions and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. This state-of-the-art narrative review provides a summary of our current knowledge about PASC in children, including prevalence, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and functional outcomes, as well as a conceptual framework for PASC based on the current National Institutes of Health definition. We highlight the pediatric components of the National Institutes of Health-funded Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery Initiative, which seeks to characterize the natural history, mechanisms, and long-term health effects of PASC in children and young adults to inform future treatment and prevention efforts. These initiatives include electronic health record cohorts, which offer rapid assessments at scale with geographical and demographic diversity, as well as longitudinal prospective observational cohorts, to estimate disease burden, illness trajectory, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations and outcomes.
PMID: 38321938
ISSN: 1098-4275
CID: 5632602

Implementing a Family-Centered Rounds Intervention Using Novel Mentor-Trios

Khan, Alisa; Patel, Shilpa J; Anderson, Michele; Baird, Jennifer D; Johnson, Tyler M; Liss, Isabella; Graham, Dionne A; Calaman, Sharon; Fegley, April E; Goldstein, Jenna; O'Toole, Jennifer K; Rosenbluth, Glenn; Alminde, Claire; Bass, Ellen J; Bismilla, Zia; Caruth, Monique; Coghlan-McDonald, Sally; Cray, Sharon; Destino, Lauren A; Dreyer, Benard P; Everhart, Jennifer L; Good, Brian P; Guiot, Amy B; Haskell, Helen; Hepps, Jennifer H; Knighton, Andrew J; Kocolas, Irene; Kuzma, Nicholas C; Lewis, Kheyandra; Litterer, Katherine P; Kruvand, Elizabeth; Markle, Peggy; Micalizzi, Dale A; Patel, Aarti; Rogers, Jayne E; Subramony, Anupama; Vara, Tiffany; Yin, H Shonna; Sectish, Theodore C; Srivastava, Rajendu; Starmer, Amy J; West, Daniel C; Spector, Nancy D; Landrigan, Christopher P; ,
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:Patient and Family Centered I-PASS (PFC I-PASS) emphasizes family and nurse engagement, health literacy, and structured communication on family-centered rounds organized around the I-PASS framework (Illness severity-Patient summary-Action items-Situational awareness-Synthesis by receiver). We assessed adherence, safety, and experience after implementing PFC I-PASS using a novel "Mentor-Trio" implementation approach with multidisciplinary parent-nurse-physician teams coaching sites. METHODS:Hybrid Type II effectiveness-implementation study from 2/29/19-3/13/22 with ≥3 months of baseline and 12 months of postimplementation data collection/site across 21 US community and tertiary pediatric teaching hospitals. We conducted rounds observations and surveyed nurses, physicians, and Arabic/Chinese/English/Spanish-speaking patients/parents. RESULTS:We conducted 4557 rounds observations and received 2285 patient/family, 1240 resident, 819 nurse, and 378 attending surveys. Adherence to all I-PASS components, bedside rounding, written rounds summaries, family and nurse engagement, and plain language improved post-implementation (13.0%-60.8% absolute increase by item), all P < .05. Except for written summary, improvements sustained 12 months post-implementation. Resident-reported harms/1000-resident-days were unchanged overall but decreased in larger hospitals (116.9 to 86.3 to 72.3 pre versus early- versus late-implementation, P = .006), hospitals with greater nurse engagement on rounds (110.6 to 73.3 to 65.3, P < .001), and greater adherence to I-PASS structure (95.3 to 73.6 to 72.3, P < .05). Twelve of 12 measures of staff safety climate improved (eg, "excellent"/"very good" safety grade improved from 80.4% to 86.3% to 88.0%), all P < .05. Patient/family experience and teaching were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS:Hospitals successfully used Mentor-Trios to implement PFC I-PASS. Family/nurse engagement, safety climate, and harms improved in larger hospitals and hospitals with better nurse engagement and intervention adherence. Patient/family experience and teaching were not affected.
PMID: 38164122
ISSN: 1098-4275
CID: 5627932

Management of Discharge Instructions for Children With Medical Complexity: A Systematic Review

Glick, Alexander F; Farkas, Jonathan S; Magro, Juliana; Shah, Aashish V; Taye, Mahdi; Zavodovsky, Volmir; Rodriguez, Rachel Hughes; Modi, Avani C; Dreyer, Benard P; Famiglietti, Hannah; Yin, H Shonna
CONTEXT/BACKGROUND:Children with medical complexity (CMC) are at risk for adverse outcomes after discharge. Difficulties with comprehension of and adherence to discharge instructions contribute to these errors. Comprehensive reviews of patient-, caregiver-, provider-, and system-level characteristics and interventions associated with discharge instruction comprehension and adherence for CMC are lacking. OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the literature related to factors associated with comprehension of and adherence to discharge instructions for CMC. DATA SOURCES/METHODS:PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycInfo, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science (database initiation until March 2023), and OAIster (gray literature) were searched. STUDY SELECTION/METHODS:Original studies examining caregiver comprehension of and adherence to discharge instructions for CMC (Patient Medical Complexity Algorithm) were evaluated. DATA EXTRACTION/METHODS:Two authors independently screened titles/abstracts and reviewed full-text articles. Two authors extracted data related to study characteristics, methodology, subjects, and results. RESULTS:Fifty-one studies were included. More than half were qualitative or mixed methods studies. Few interventional studies examined objective outcomes. More than half of studies examined instructions for equipment (eg, tracheostomies). Common issues related to access, care coordination, and stress/anxiety. Facilitators included accounting for family context and using health literacy-informed strategies. LIMITATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:No randomized trials met inclusion criteria. Several groups (eg, oncologic diagnoses, NICU patients) were not examined in this review. CONCLUSIONS:Multiple factors affect comprehension of and adherence to discharge instructions for CMC. Several areas (eg, appointments, feeding tubes) were understudied. Future work should focus on design of interventions to optimize transitions.
PMCID:10598634
PMID: 37846504
ISSN: 1098-4275
CID: 5605632

Achieving Child Health Equity: Policy Solutions

Dreyer, Benard P
Policy solutions to address child health equity, with evidence to support the policies, are presented. Policies address health care, direct financial support to families, nutrition, support for early childhood and brain development, ending family homelessness, making housing and neighborhoods environmentally safe, gun violence prevention, LGBTQ + health equity, and protecting immigrant children and families. Federal, state, and local policies are addressed. Recommendations of the National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine and the American Academy of Pediatrics are highlighted when appropriate.
PMID: 37422319
ISSN: 1557-8240
CID: 5536962

Engaging pediatricians to address workforce diversity

Fuentes-Afflick, Elena; Shipman, Scott A; Dreyer, Benard; Perrin, James M; Freed, Gary L
PMID: 36272996
ISSN: 1530-0447
CID: 5352592

Developmental screening of full-term infants at 16 to 18 months of age after in-utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection

Shah, Aashish V; Howell, Heather B; Kazmi, Sadaf H; Zaccario, Michele; Sklamberg, Felice E; Groth, Taylor; Martindale, Pia; Dreyer, Benard; Verma, Sourabh
OBJECTIVE:To screen for neurodevelopmental delays in a cohort of full-term infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:-3) at 16 to 18 months age. RESULTS:Of 51 subjects, twelve (24%) were below cutoff, and twenty-seven (53%) were either below or close to the cutoff in at least one developmental domain. Communication (29%), fine motor (31%), and problem-solving (24%) were the most affected domains. There were no differences in outcomes between infants born to asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic mothers. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:We observed increased risk of neurodevelopmental delays during screening of infants born at full-term to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 at 16 to 18 months age. These results highlight the urgent need for follow-up studies of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2.
PMCID:10020764
PMID: 36932135
ISSN: 1476-5543
CID: 5509012

Stepping Up to the Plate-The Role of Pediatricians in Addressing the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Crisis

Dreyer, Benard P
PMID: 36622679
ISSN: 2574-3805
CID: 5410342

Validation of the StimQ2: A parent-report measure of cognitive stimulation in the home

Cates, Carolyn Brockmeyer; Roby, Erin; Canfield, Caitlin F; Johnson, Matthew; Raak, Caroline; Weisleder, Adriana; Dreyer, Benard P; Mendelsohn, Alan L
Considerable evidence demonstrates the importance of the cognitive home environment in supporting children's language, cognition, and school readiness more broadly. This is particularly important for children from low-income backgrounds, as cognitive stimulation is a key area of resilience that mediates the impact of poverty on child development. Researchers and clinicians have therefore highlighted the need to quantify cognitive stimulation; however existing methodological approaches frequently utilize home visits and/or labor-intensive observations and coding. Here, we examined the reliability and validity of the StimQ2, a parent-report measure of the cognitive home environment that can be delivered efficiently and at low cost. StimQ2 improves upon earlier versions of the instrument by removing outdated items, assessing additional domains of cognitive stimulation and providing new scoring systems. Findings suggest that the StimQ2 is a reliable and valid measure of the cognitive home environment for children from infancy through the preschool period.
PMCID:10365315
PMID: 37486914
ISSN: 1932-6203
CID: 5591962

Response to Concerns Raised About the New American Academy of Pediatrics Febrile Infant Guideline

Pantell, Robert H; Roberts, Kenneth B; Dreyer, Benard P
PMID: 35913718
ISSN: 2168-6211
CID: 5287852

Cash Transfers and Reducing Child Poverty in the US

Dreyer, Benard P
PMID: 35994271
ISSN: 2168-6211
CID: 5331502