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Deposition of zinc minerals in carious lesions and dentinal tubules

Raimondi, Christopher J.; Shill, Andrea; Rabieh, Sasan; Mandal, Trinanjana; Mijares, Dindo; Li, Yihong; Bromage, Timothy G.; Ricci, John; Walters, Marc A.
Dental caries are treated by the surgical removal of infected tissue where the biological mineral, hydroxyapatite, has been eroded. For early carious lesions, surgical methods have increasingly been replaced by minimally invasive dentistry protocols to arrest the lesion progression by controlling plaque formation and promoting dentin remineralization. Zinc phosphate mineral deposition in dentinal tubules was studied as a modality for the treatment of dental caries. Extracted permanent human molars, with and without carious lesions, were employed to study the coverage and depth of mineral deposition with in situ mixing of zinc and phosphate salt solutions. Milled hydroxyapatite was employed as a surrogate for dentin in the study of mineral formation in tubules. The mineral composition was identified by X-ray powder diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the deposition of zinc phosphate minerals that effectively occlude dentinal tubules by crystallization within dentinal tubules. Mineral deposition was similarly observed at the site of a carious lesion, which highlights the feasibility of zinc phosphate deposition for the treatment of dental caries.
SCOPUS:85183205615
ISSN: 0167-577x
CID: 5628932

Dynamics of oral microbiome acquisition in healthy infants: A pilot study

Li, Yihong; Saraithong, Prakaimuk; Zhang, Lanxin; Dills, Ashley; Paster, Bruce J.; Xiao, Jin; Wu, Tong Tong; Jones, Zachary
Objectives: The human oral microbiota is one of the most complex bacterial communities in the human body. However, how newborns initially acquire these bacteria remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined the dynamics of oral microbial communities in healthy infants and investigated the influence of the maternal oral microbiota on the acquisition of the infant's oral microbiota. We hypothesized that the infant oral microbial diversity increases with age. Methods: One hundred and sixteen whole-salivary samples were collected from 32 healthy infants and their biological mothers during postpartum and 9- and 15-month well-infant visits. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced by Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing (HOMINGS) methods. The Shannon index was used to measure the microbial diversity of the infant-mother dyads (alpha diversity). The microbial diversity between the mother-infant dyads (beta-diversity) was calculated using the weighted non-phylogenetic Bray-Curtis distance in QIIME 1.9.1. Core microbiome analysis was performed using MicrobiomeAnalyst software. Linear discriminant analysis coupled with effect size analysis was used to identify differentially abundant features between mother and infant dyads. Results: A total of 6,870,571 16S rRNA reads were generated from paired mother"“infant saliva samples. Overall, oral microbial profiles significantly differed between the mother and infant groups (p < 0.001). The diversity of the salivary microbiomes in the infants increased in an age-dependent manner, whereas the core microbiome of the mothers remained relatively stable during the study period. Breastfeeding and gender did not affect the microbial diversity in infants. Moreover, infants had a greater relative abundance of Firmicutes and a lower abundance of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria than their mothers. The SparCC correlation analysis demonstrated constant changes in infants' oral microbial community network (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study provides new evidence that the oral cavities of infants are colonized by a distinct group of bacterial species at birth. The acquisition and diversity of changes in oral microbial composition are dynamic during the first year of an infant's life. Before reaching the second birthday, the composition of the oral microbial community could be more similar to that of their biological mothers.
SCOPUS:85153369272
ISSN: 2673-4842
CID: 5461742

Oral and gastric microbiome in relation to gastric intestinal metaplasia

Wu, Fen; Yang, Liying; Hao, Yuhan; Zhou, Boyan; Hu, Jiyuan; Yang, Yaohua; Bedi, Sukhleen; Sanichar, Navin Ganesh; Cheng, Charley; Perez-Perez, Guillermo; Tseng, Wenche; Tseng, Wenzhi; Tseng, Mengkao; Francois, Fritz; Khan, Abraham R; Li, Yihong; Blaser, Martin J; Shu, Xiao-Ou; Long, Jirong; Li, Huilin; Pei, Zhiheng; Chen, Yu
Evidence suggests that Helicobacter pylori plays a role in gastric cancer (GC) initiation. However, epidemiologic studies on the specific role of other bacteria in the development of GC are lacking. We conducted a case-control study of 89 cases with gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) and 89 matched controls who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at three sites affiliated with NYU Langone Health. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing using oral wash samples from 89 case-control pairs and antral mucosal brushing samples from 55 case-control pairs. We examined the associations of relative abundances of bacterial taxa and functional pathways with IM using conditional logistic regression with and without elastic-net penalty. Compared with controls, oral species Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Johnsonella ignava, Neisseria elongata and Neisseria flavescens were enriched in cases (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.29-1.50, P = .004-.01) while Lactobacillus gasseri, Streptococcus mutans, S parasanguinis and S sanguinis were under-represented (ORs = 0.66-0.76, P = .006-.042) in cases. Species J ignava and Filifactor alocis in the gastric microbiota were enriched (ORs = 3.27 and 1.43, P = .005 and .035, respectively), while S mutans, S parasanguinis and S sanguinis were under-represented (ORs = 0.61-0.75, P = .024-.046), in cases compared with controls. The lipopolysaccharide and ubiquinol biosynthesis pathways were more abundant in IM, while the sugar degradation pathways were under-represented in IM. The findings suggest potential roles of certain oral and gastric microbiota, which are correlated with regulation of pathways associated with inflammation, in the development of gastric precancerous lesions.
PMID: 34664721
ISSN: 1097-0215
CID: 5043202

Assessment of the Silver Penetration and Distribution in Carious Lesions of Deciduous Teeth Treated with Silver Diamine Fluoride

Li, Yihong; Liu, Yingyi; Psoter, Walter J; Nguyen, Olivia M; Bromage, Timothy G; Walters, Marc A; Hu, Bin; Rabieh, Sasan; Kumararaja, Fancy C
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on carious lesions of human deciduous teeth. Ten extracted deciduous incisors with caries were collected and treated with SDF. After the treatment, the teeth were sectioned through the center of the carious lesion. The extent of sliver precipitation was examined using quantitative backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy (qBSE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The qBSE-SEM images revealed that the silver particles could penetrate through the pellicle complex, along with the rod sheaths into the demineralized enamel rods and the dentinal tubules, and form silver-enriched barriers surrounding the carious lesions at depths up to 2,490.2 μm (mean 744.7 ± 448.7 μm) within the dentinal tubules of the carious lesions, but less likely in the sound enamel. The EDX spectrum analysis revealed that carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, chlorine, silver, and calcium were the main elements detected in the lesions treated with SDF. Additionally, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, zinc, sulfur, and fluorine were detected as the minor elements within the SDF precipitation "zone." The micro-CT analysis further showed that in the deep cavitated lesions, the silver precipitation could be observed in the pulp chamber. These findings provide new evidence defining the SDF mode of action for arresting caries and suggest that the application of a highly concentrated SDF solution on deciduous teeth should be used with caution for various carious lesions.
PMID: 30808824
ISSN: 1421-976x
CID: 3698972

Impact of parental migration on oral health outcomes of left-behind school-aged children in Luchuan, southern China

Qiu, Rongmin; Li, Yihong; Malla, Manisha; Yao, Junyu; Mo, Dan; Dhakal, Neha; Huang, Hua
BACKGROUND:With rapid urbanization in China, an increasing number of rural adults have migrated to cities to seek job opportunities, leaving their school-aged children behind. These left-behind children (LBC) without one or both parents usually receive less attention from their caregivers. Whether the parental migration affects the children's oral health is not well understood. This study aimed to explore the differences in dental caries status and oral health-related behaviors between children with different parental migration experiences in a rural area of Southern China. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Luchuan County of Guangxi Province in 2015. A total of 1085 school children aged 8-12 participated in this study. Participants' demographic characteristics, parental migration information, and eating and oral hygiene habits were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Dental caries of permanent teeth was examined using the decayed, missing, and filled tooth (DMFT) index recommended by the World Health Organization. Dental caries experience and oral health-related behaviors were compared between LBC and non-LBC, as well as children with different experiences of parental migrations. The impact of various parental migration attributes on LBC oral health outcomes was examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS:Among the school-aged children examined, 60.9% of them were LBC. Only 29.7% of the children brushed their teeth regularly; 86.5% of them did not know what fluoride toothpaste was. Caries prevalence was 51.4% for LBC and 40.8% for non-LBC (p < 0.001). The LBC experienced a greater DMFT mean (1.20 ± 1.59) compared to the non-LBC (0.85 ± 1.30) (p < 0.001). Oral health-related behaviors were not significantly different between LBC and non-LBC. Dental caries experience and oral health-related behaviors were not related to the type or duration of parental migration. Multiple regression analyses showed that parental migration was one of significant predictors of children's caries outcome; LBC had a higher risk to caries than non-LBC (95% CI =1.26, 2.09). CONCLUSIONS:These findings indicate that parental migration could be a significant risk factor for caries development among 8- to 12-year-old school children in rural China.
PMCID:6290493
PMID: 30537963
ISSN: 1472-6831
CID: 3555952

Developmental defects of enamel increase caries susceptibility in Chinese preschool children

Li, Yihong; Chen, Xi; Chen, Shuli; Janal, Malvin N; Sarnat, Haim
OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:The present epidemiological study aimed to compare the prevalence and severity of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and dental caries between urban and suburban Chinese preschool children. METHODS:A total of 1351 3- to 6-year-old children were invited to participate in this study and received dental examinations. A modified DDE index was used to assess the prevalence and severity of DDE. The dental caries diagnosis was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) health survey methods for field studies and was recorded using the decayed, missing and filled tooth (dmft) index. The caries status was further classified as caries or severe caries according to a modification of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry definition. RESULTS:Overall, the DDE prevalence was 48.3% among the 1351 preschool children. The DDE prevalence was higher in innercity children (54.1%) than in suburban children (42.0%; P < 0.001). In contrast, the suburban children had a higher prevalence of dental caries (65.2% vs 57.5%; P = 0.004) and a higher mean dmft score (3.5 ± 4.2 vs 2.9 ± 3.8; P = 0.005) than the innercity children. Only 23.9% of the children were free of both DDE and caries. The caries risk increased significantly and independently as DDE severity increased (linear trend, 95% confidence interval = [1.32, 1.69], age [1.60, 1.88], urban residence [1.18, 2.15] and breastfeeding experience [1.04, 1.60]) after controlling for other demographic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS:The study provides new evidence that DDE is a significant contributing factor for the highly prevalent and progressive dental caries observed in Chinese preschool children. These results highlight the importance of including DDE in caries risk assessments.
PMID: 30028027
ISSN: 1600-0528
CID: 3201992

Active Probiotic Therapeutics may Prevent Oral Candida Infections in the Elderly Population, but the Evidence is Insufficient

Li, Yihong
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION/BACKGROUND:A meta-analysis of randomized trials assessing the effects of probiotic preparations on oral candidiasis in the elderly. Ai R, Wei J, Ma D, et al. Arch Oral Biol 2017;83:187-92. SOURCE OF FUNDING/BACKGROUND:Chinese government research foundation funds. TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN/METHODS:Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.
PMID: 30077378
ISSN: 1532-3390
CID: 3237302

Caries outcome following an intensive fluoride varnish treatment regimen for children at high risk for early childhood caries

Paek, Agelina E; Li, Yihong; Wang, Zhemeng; So, Patrick; Janal, Malvin N; Herman, Neal G; Hopkins, Andrew; Chinn, Courtney
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the caries relapse rate for a cohort of 2- to 4-year-old children at high risk of early childhood caries when treated with an intensive fluoride varnish (FV) regimen. METHODS:Eighty paediatric patients were recruited. Forty of these patients were high risk and received the FV treatment (three applications within 2 weeks and additional applications at 1 and 3 months) during 2009-2010. Mutans streptococci (MS) levels in the saliva were evaluated during the treatment period. A comparative group of 40 children, selected from an electronic record search at the New York University College of Dentistry to be of similar age, gender, and ethnicity, but not at elevated risk for ECC, received the standard of care (semi-annual FV treatment). Detailed caries examination and treatment records were obtained for all patients from 2009 to 2014. RESULTS:A significant reduction (P < 0.001) in MS levels was observed in the intensive FV treatment group at the 3-month visit compared with baseline. There was no effect of the intensive FV treatment on caries outcome in the anterior teeth, and the overall caries scores were significantly increased on the posterior teeth. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:The intensive FV regimen appears insufficient to prevent caries relapse in children at high risk for caries.
PMID: 29314344
ISSN: 1365-263x
CID: 2906222

A screening method for gastric cancer by oral microbiome detection

Sun, Jing-Hua; Li, Xiao-Lin; Yin, Jie; Li, Yi-Hong; Hou, Ben-Xiang; Zhang, Zhongtao
Gastric cancer is the second most common malig-nancy and one of the principal causes of cancer‑related mortality worldwide. Early diagnostic and screening methods for gastric cancer are limited at present, most of them involving invasive procedures. We aimed to investigate the characteristics of the oral microbiome in gastric cancer individuals and to conduct a screening method for gastric cancer by oral microbiome detection. We used high‑throughput sequencing to examine the total bacterial profile of saliva and plaque samples of 50 subjects, including 37 individuals with gastric cancer and 13 controls. The Venn diagram and species abundance clusters were generated from the data. The results indicated that the oral bacteria were more complex in patients with gastric cancer. Based on the characteristics of the oral microbiome in individuals with gastric cancer, a scoring system was designed to screen gastric cancer. In the present study, 36 out of 37 individuals in the gastric cancer group were identified as a high‑risk population, giving a sensitivity rate of 97%. One out of 13 individuals in the control group was identified as a high‑risk population, providing a false-positive rate of 7.7%. The scoring system we designed may be a potential method for screening suspected gastric cancer patients by oral microbiome detection. Further calibration of this scoring system is needed by recruiting a larger study population.
PMID: 29498406
ISSN: 1791-2431
CID: 2965622

Diagnosing Developmental Defects of Enamel: Pilot Study of Online Training and Accuracy

Dabiri, Darya; Eckert, George J; Li, Yihong; Seow, Kim; Schroth, Robert J; Warren, John; Wright, J Timothy; Zhao, Shi; Fontana, Margherita
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to assess dentists' ability to correctly identify and classify development defects of enamel (DDE). METHODS:The modified DDE (MDDE) index was used to classify enamel defects into two types: (1) enamel hypoplasia-pitted, grooved, or missing enamel; or (2) enamel opacity-translucency of enamel not caused by dental caries or fluorosis (can be either demarcated or diffuse). A panel of six experts selected and scored 36 images using the MDDE, and the consensus score was used as the gold standard score in the evaluation of survey respondents. A short training table was developed to match training images to descriptors for the MDDE. A survey, including the training table, was then distributed electronically to 2,036 U.S. dentists and expanded function dental assistants from the Indian Health Service and 6,174 members of American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. The percent of correct responses was evaluated for each image. RESULTS:Survey respondents (348 total) showed great variability in correct responses for each image, ranging from 41 to 97 percent, for each category of the MDDE. CONCLUSIONS:Enhanced training and calibration on the ability of dental providers is needed to identify the different types of development defects of enamel.
PMID: 29663909
ISSN: 1942-5473
CID: 3042842