Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroid therapy in severe persistent asthma has been shown to reduce or eliminate oral corticosteroid (OCS) use while retaining effective asthma control. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the ability of mometasone furoate (MF) delivered by means of dry powder inhaler to reduce daily oral prednisone requirements in OCS-dependent patients with severe persistent asthma. METHODS: We performed a 12-week, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial (21 centers, 132 patients) comparing 2 doses of MF (400 and 800 microg administered twice daily) with placebo, followed by a 9-month open-label phase in which 128 patients received treatment with MF. RESULTS: At the endpoint of the double-blind trial, MF 400 and 800 mg twice daily reduced daily OCS requirements by 46.0% and 23.9%, respectively, whereas placebo increased OCS requirements by 164.4% (P <.01). Oral steroids were eliminated in 40%, 37%, and 0% of patients in the MF 400 and 800 mg twice daily and placebo groups, respectively. Pulmonary function and quality of life significantly increased for MF-treated patients. Further reductions in OCS requirements were achieved with long-term MF treatment in the open-label phase. CONCLUSION: MF inhaled orally as a dry powder is an effective alternative to systemic corticosteroids in patients with severe persistent asthma

Despite encouraging recent treatment advances, HIV and AIDS-related pulmonary complications will continue to present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Streamlined, cost-effective management of these patients is increasingly important in the current medical economic environment. This article presents an approach to the diagnosis of AIDS-related pulmonary disease, emphasizing optimal integration of imaging modalities into specific, practical, cost-effective pathways. The imaging findings of common diseases, both infectious and noninfectious, are summarized, The importance of clinical and demographic information to accurate radiographic interpretation and diagnostic evaluation is emphasized

A retrospective review was performed to describe the clinical characteristics, course, and outcome of pneumothorax for all patients admitted to Bellevue Hospital, New York, with AIDS who had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) diagnosed between January 1985, through July 1991. Of 1360 patients with AIDS and PCP, 67 patients (4.9%) were identified with pneumothorax; a group of 50 is the subject of this review. Of these 50 patients, 22 patients (44%) developed spontaneous pneumothorax, 15 patients (30%) developed pneumothorax during mechanical ventilation, and 13 patients (26%) had pneumothorax after an invasive procedure. Of the 22 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, 8 had cystic parenchymal abnormalities on the chest radiograph and 6 had a history of PCP. The majority of patients were treated with tube thoracostomy and/or surgical intervention. All 15 patients who developed pneumothorax during mechanical ventilation died. Results of pathologic studies revealed varying degrees of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis interspersed with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis, and presence of P carinii cysts. Autopsy specimens obtained in two cases demonstrated multiple parenchymal cavities and evidence of an alveolar eosinophilic exudate with P carinii organisms. Spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with AIDS usually occurs in association with PCP and is associated with significant morbidity. Patients at risk include those with cystic lesions on chest radiograph and those patients with a history of PCP. Patients with AIDS and PCP who develop pneumothorax during mechanical ventilation have a poor outcome

PURPOSE: To identify characteristic computed tomographic (CT) findings in unusual pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders seen in adults with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the CT scans and pathologic specimens from nine patients with pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorders. CT scans were evaluated for nodules, reticulation, areas of ground-glass attenuation, consolidation, and bronchial disease. Changes seen in pathologic specimens were classified as consistent with classic lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP), mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALTOMA), or atypical lymphoproliferative disorder (ALD). Immunopathologic results were reviewed when available. RESULTS: Eight patients had AIDS. Five patients had classic LIP. One patient had MALTOMA, and three patients had ALD. Altogether, 2-4-mm-diameter nodules were the predominant CT finding in eight patients; these were peribronchovascular in four patients. The presence of interstitial nodules correlated with the pathologic finding of nodular disease in seven patients. CONCLUSION: Familiarity with these AIDS-related disorders and their CT appearance should assist in the differential diagnosis