Faculty Bibliography

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Indications for prophylactic antibiotic therapy in nonoperative, closed fractures of the orbit and zygoma remain controversial and are based on anecdotal data. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of infectious sequelae among patients who presented to our institution with stated fractures and who were not administered prophylactic antibiotic therapy. The authors hypothesized that an increase in infectious complications would not be seen in these patients. METHODS:The authors conducted a prospective single site study from October 2015 to December 2019. Patients with closed, nonoperative fractures involving the orbit and/or zygoma were included. These patients did not receive prophylactic antibiotic therapy for their fracture patterns, and infectious complications including orbital cellulitis, meningitis, and bacterial sinusitis were noted if present during follow-up. RESULTS:Of 301 patients with closed, nonoperative orbital and/or zygomatic fractures, 268 were included in the study and 33 were excluded because of administration of antibiotics. The average age was 60 years, and the most common mechanism of injury was a traumatic fall. Fracture types included 100 orbital wall, 133 orbital floor, 15 orbital rim, 23 orbital roof, 48 zygoma, and 44 zygomaticomaxillary compound fractures. Infectious sequelae were not identified in any patient. CONCLUSIONS:Of the 268 patients included in the study, no infectious complications were identified during the follow-up period. This outcome further supports that the use of prophylactic antibiotics is not indicated for closed, nonoperative fractures involving the orbital and/or zygoma. Prospective randomized control studies would be useful to support this outcome and better guide clinical antibiotic prescribing practices.

BACKGROUND:Enhanced recovery pathway programs have demonstrated improved perioperative care and shorter length of hospital stay in several surgical disciplines. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of patients undergoing autologous tissue-based breast reconstruction before and after the implementation of an enhanced recovery pathway program. METHODS:The authors retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent autologous tissue-based breast reconstruction performed by two surgeons before and after the implementation of the enhanced recovery pathway at a university center over a 3-year period. Patient demographics, perioperative data, and 45-day postoperative outcomes were compared between the traditional standard of care (pre-enhanced recovery pathway) and enhanced recovery pathway patients. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for length of hospital stay. Cost analysis was performed. RESULTS:Between April of 2014 and January of 2017, 100 consecutive women were identified, with 50 women in each group. Both groups had similar demographics, comorbidities, and reconstruction types. Postoperatively, the enhanced recovery pathway cohort used significantly less opiate and more acetaminophen compared with the traditional standard of care cohort. Median length of stay was shorter in the enhanced recovery pathway cohort, which resulted in an extrapolated $279,258 savings from freeing up inpatient beds and increase in overall contribution margins of $189,342. Participation in an enhanced recovery pathway program and lower total morphine-equivalent use were independent predictors for decreased length of hospital stay. Overall 45-day major complication rates, partial flap loss rates, emergency room visits, hospital readmissions, and unplanned reoperations were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Enhanced recovery pathway program implementation should be considered as the standard approach for perioperative care in autologous tissue-based breast reconstruction because it does not affect morbidity and is associated with accelerated recovery with reduced postoperative opiate use and decreased length of hospital stay, leading to downstream health care cost savings. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:Therapeutic, III.

Background:Rhinoplasty remains one of the most common aesthetic procedures performed in the United States. Current literature on rhinoplasty complications is inconclusive and is based on retrospective reviews and small cohorts. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and identify predictive risk factors for major complications following rhinoplasty alone or in combination with other aesthetic operations in a large, prospective, multicenter database study. Methods:A prospective cohort of patients undergoing rhinoplasty between May 2008 and May 2013 was identified from the CosmetAssure database. Primary outcome was occurrence of major complications, defined as complications requiring an emergency room visit, hospital admission, or a reoperation within 30 days of the index operation. Univariate and multivariate analysis evaluated potential risk factors for major complications including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, diabetes, type of surgical facility, and combined procedures. Results:A total of 129,007 patients were identified, of which 4978 (3.9%) underwent a rhinoplasty. The overall complication rate was 0.7% (n = 37). Hematoma was the most common complication (0.2%), followed by infection (0.2%), and pulmonary complications (0.1%). Age ≥40 years was found to be an independent risk factor for developing complications. Age ≥40 years was found to have a relative risk of 2.05 (P = 0.04) for any major complication. Complications increased from 0.58% in rhinoplasty alone cases to 1.02% (P < 0.05) with the addition of 1 other body region to 2.09% with the addition of 2 other body regions (P < 0.05). The risk of pulmonary complications increased from 0.1% to 1% (P < 0.05) with the addition of rhinoplasty with 2 other body regions. Gender, type of facility, smoking status, and BMI ≥25 did not appear to significantly impact the risk for major complications. Conclusions:The major complication rate following rhinoplasty remains low. The risk is increased with age ≥40 years and with the addition of other cosmetic procedures. Pulmonary complications, although rare, do occur, and also increase when combining rhinoplasty with other aesthetic surgery. These findings are important to consider when planning rhinoplasty and educating patients on the safety of combined aesthetic surgeries. Level of Evidence:2.

Background/UNASSIGNED:Liposuction is among the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures, and is being performed increasingly as an adjunct to other procedures. Objectives/UNASSIGNED:To report the incidence and risk factors of significant complications after liposuction, and to determine whether adding liposuction to other cosmetic surgical procedures impacts the complication risk. Methods/UNASSIGNED:A prospective cohort of patients who underwent liposuction between 2008 and 2013 was identified from the CosmetAssure database. Primary outcome was occurrence of major complications requiring emergency room visit, hospital admission, or reoperation within 30 days of the operation. Univariate and multivariate analysis evaluated risk factors including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, diabetes, type of surgical facility, and combined procedures. Results/UNASSIGNED:Of the 31,010 liposuction procedures, only 11,490 (37.1%) were performed as a solitary procedure. Liposuction alone had a major complication rate of 0.7% with hematoma (0.15%), pulmonary complications (0.1%), infection (0.1%), and confirmed venous thromboembolism (VTE) (0.06%) being the most common. Independent predictors of major complications included combined procedures (Relative Risk (RR) 4.81), age (RR 1.01), BMI (RR 1.05), and procedures performed in hospitals (RR 1.36). When examining specifically other aesthetic procedures performed alone or with liposuction, combined procedures had a higher risk of confirmed VTE (RR 5.65), pulmonary complications (RR 2.72), and infection (RR 2.41), but paradoxically lower hematoma risk (RR 0.77) than solitary procedures. Conclusions/UNASSIGNED:Liposuction performed alone is a safe procedure with a low risk of major complications. Combined procedures, especially on obese or older individuals, can significantly increase complication rates. The impact of liposuction on the risk of hematoma in combined procedures needs further investigation. Level of Evidence 2/UNASSIGNED/:

There is a lack of consensus on the optimal timing for primary cranial vault reconstruction in cranial synostosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of age at primary reconstruction on the need for revision surgery in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. A retrospective review was conducted on all children undergoing cranial vault reconstruction for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis during a 10-year period. Demographics and length of follow-up was collected for each patient. Complications, mortality, need for reoperation, and type of reoperation were recorded. Reoperations were classified as total reoperations for premature reossification, voids and recontouring, just voids, and minor procedures. In total, 325 consecutive patients were included with an average length of follow-up of 3.3 years. The authors' complication rate was 11.1%, total reoperation rate was 26.8%, with zero mortalities. Sex and race did not impact the reoperation rate. Multiple suture synostoses were associated with increased risk of reoperation. A regression analysis showed that the lowest risk of reoperation occurred at an age of 200 days, with the 95% confidence interval of hazard ratios falling between 4 months and 8 months of age. Operation at earlier ages was associated with higher risk of reoperation for reossification, while operating at later ages was associated with higher risk for revision surgery to fill voids. Based on authors' institution's 10-year experience, authors' results suggest that the optimal timing for primary cranial vault reconstruction in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is between 4 and 8 months. This operative window is associated with the lowest risk for revisionary surgery.

BACKGROUND: Although bone repair is often a relatively rapid and efficient process, many bone defects do not heal. Because an adequate blood supply is essential for new bone formation, we hypothesized that augmenting new blood vessel formation by increasing the number of circulating vasculogenic progenitor cells (PCs) with AMD3100 and enhancing their trafficking to the site of injury with recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) will improve healing. METHODS: Critical-sized 3-mm cranial defects were trephined into the right parietal bone of C57BLKS/J 6 mice (N = 120). The mice were divided into 4 equal groups (n = 30 for each). The first group received daily subcutaneous injections of AMD3100 (5 mg/kg). The second group received daily subcutaneous injections of rhPTH (5 mg/kg). The third group received both AMD3100 and rhPTH. The fourth group received subcutaneous injections of saline. Circulating vasculogenic PC numbers, new blood vessel formation, and bony regeneration were assessed. Progenitor cell adhesion, migration, and tubule formation were assessed in the presence of rhPTH and AMD3100. RESULTS: Flow cytometry demonstrated that combination therapy significantly increased the number of circulating PCs compared with all other groups. In vitro, AMD3100-treated PCs had significantly increased adhesion migration, and tubule formation was assessed in the presence of rhPTH. Combination therapy significantly improved new blood vessel formation in those with cranial defect compared with all other groups. Finally, bony regeneration was significantly increased in the combination therapy group compared with all other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a PC-mobilizing and traffic-enhancing agent improved bony regeneration of calvarial defects in mice.

BACKGROUND:Impaired wound healing remains a major clinical problem with many etiologies. Altering gene expression to enhance healing is an innovative therapeutic approach. In recent years, we have developed a means to topically silence genes at the post-transcriptional level to locally alter wounds and improve the healing process. THE PROBLEM/OBJECTIVE:Many types of chronic wounds have been associated with alterations in the expression of genes that mediate healing. Targeting the expression of these genes in a way that can improve healing while limiting systemic side effects has been very challenging. BASIC/CLINICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES/UNASSIGNED:Our laboratory's recent work has focused on the use of topically applied small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to inhibit messenger RNA expression of certain mediators involved in healing in two different types of cutaneous injury-radiation-induced cutaneous injury and the diabetic excisional wound. By successfully inhibiting specific gene mediators with topical siRNA, we reversed downstream signaling pathways, which led to expedited wound healing in diabetic wounds and restoration to a more normal phenotype in radiation-induced skin injuries. CLINICAL CARE RELEVANCE/UNASSIGNED:The signaling pathways and gene mediators that we targeted and inhibited in murine models are present in humans. Applying parallel treatment strategies in humans may provide novel means of treating these burdensome and costly conditions. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Our novel method for local gene silencing is effective in treating various types of cutaneous murine wounds. Topical gene silencing with siRNA obviates the side effects of systemic medication and has the potential to be effective in healing or preventing a wide array of cutaneous human conditions.