Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND:The management of symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) previously treated with arthroscopy is controversial. Minimal data exist on the role for repeat arthroscopy. Here, we describe our experience with repeat arthroscopy and microfracture for symptomatic OLTs. METHODS:) and the presence or absence of subchondral cysts. RESULTS:We identified 14 patients who underwent repeat arthroscopy and microfracture for symptomatic OLTs. Patients reported reasonable satisfaction (7.6 ± 3.5 out of 10) but moderate residual pain (4.7 ± 3.4 out of 10) at midterm follow-up (5.1 ± 2.9 years). In total, 21% (3/14) of patients had undergone subsequent surgery. Patients with small (n = 5) and large OLTs (n = 9) had similar postoperative pain scores (4.2 ± 4.1 vs 4.9 ± 3.2) and postoperative satisfaction levels (6.4 ± 4.9 vs 8.3 ± 2.5). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:.

BACKGROUND:Suture buttons and metal screws have been used and compared in biomechanical, radiographic, and clinical outcome studies for syndesmotic injuries, with neither implant demonstrating clear superiority. The aim of this study was to compare clinical outcomes of both implants. METHODS:Patients who underwent syndesmosis fixation at 2 separate academic centers from 2010 through 2017 were compared. Thirty-one patients treated with a suture button and 21 patients treated with screws were included. Patients in each group were matched by age, sex, and Orthopaedic Trauma Association fracture classification. Tegner Activity Scale (TAS), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), patient satisfaction score, surgical failure, and reoperation rates were compared. RESULTS:Patients who underwent suture button fixation had significantly higher TAS scores than those who underwent screw fixation (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in FAAM ADL scores between cohorts (p = 0.08). Symptomatic hardware removal rates were similar (3.2% suture button cohort vs 9.0% in screw cohort). One patient (4.5%) underwent revision surgery secondary to syndesmotic malreduction after screw fixation, for a reoperation rate of 13.5%. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Level 3 Retrospective Matched Case-Cohort.

BACKGROUND:End-stage hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint arthritis is commonly treated with arthrodesis using stainless steel or titanium implants. These implants provide static compression that is maximal at the time of implant insertion. Alternatively, nitinol staples are capable of dynamic compression. They have most frequently been used for midfoot arthrodesis procedures. However, their biomechanical performance during hallux MTP arthrodesis has not been described. METHODS:8 matched pairs of cadaveric feet (4 female, 4 male) were prepared for hallux MTP arthrodesis using cup and cone reamers. Cadaveric pairs were then instrumented with either (1) a transarticular lag screw and dorsal nitinol staple or (2) orthogonal nitinol staples placed dorsally and medially. Walking in a short leg cast for 6 weeks was simulated by applying 90-N forces at 3 Hz to the plantar proximal phalanx for up to 250 000 cycles. Failure was defined as catastrophic implant failure or plantar gapping beyond 7 mm. RESULTS:= .0469) in the orthogonal staple constructs compared with the dorsal staple and crossed screw constructs. CONCLUSION:The tested constructs permit significant motion at the first MTP fusion surface during simulated protected weightbearing. Although multiple in vivo factors should be considered when extrapolating results from this cadaveric study, this motion may result in clinical failure with early postoperative weightbearing protocols. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:We report the first biomechanical evaluation of hallux MTP arthrodesis using modern nitinol staples in 2 separate constructs.

BACKGROUND/UNASSIGNED:The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is crucial for knee proprioception and postural stability. While ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and rehabilitation improve postural stability, the timing in improvement of dynamic postural stability after ACLR remains relatively unknown. PURPOSE/UNASSIGNED:To evaluate changes in dynamic postural stability after ACLR out to 24 months postoperatively. STUDY DESIGN/UNASSIGNED:Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:Patients undergoing ACLR were prospectively enrolled, and dynamic postural stability was assessed within 2 days before surgery, at 3-month intervals postoperatively to 18 months, then at 24 months. Measurements were made on a multidirectional platform tracking the patient's center of mass based on pelvic motion. The amount of time the patient was able to stay on the platform was recorded, and a dynamic motion analysis score, reflecting the patient's ability to maintain one's center of mass, was generated overall and in 6 independent planes of motion. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:A total of 44 patients with a mean age of 19.7 ± 6.2 years completed the study protocol. Overall mean dynamic postural stability improved significantly at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery, with continued improvement out to 24 months. Notable improvements occurred in medial/lateral and anterior/posterior stability from baseline to 6 months postoperatively, while internal/external rotation and flexion/extension stability declined initially after surgery from baseline to 3 months postoperatively before stabilizing to the end of the study period. CONCLUSION/UNASSIGNED:Overall dynamic postural stability significantly improved up to 12 months after ACLR. Improvement in postural stability occurred primarily in the medial/lateral and anterior/posterior planes of motion, with initial decreases in the flexion/extension and internal/external rotational planes of motion.

The goal of this chapter is to familiarize orthopaedic surgeons with the latest information pertaining to typical problems of the forefoot. Painful and deforming problems of the forefoot are surprisingly common. The understanding of forefoot deformity and pathology has evolved considerably over the past decade. A more precise understanding of the mechanics of deformity and resulting pathology has resulted in significant improvements in nonsurgical and surgical managements. This chapter provides an up-to-date examination of the literature regarding the management of forefoot pathology. First, a review of recent advances in the understanding of the pathology and mechanics of these problems and then a thorough review of specific diseases are presented. These include management of the bunion deformity, hallux rigidus, metatarsalgia and plantar plate disruption, hammer toe deformities, and interdigital neuritis. Nonsurgical and surgical options are described. This chapter provides information that will lead to thoughtful treatment options for surgeons.

CONTEXT/BACKGROUND:Patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are likely to have deficient dynamic postural stability compared with healthy sex- and age-matched controls. OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To test the hypothesis that patients undergoing ACL reconstruction have decreased dynamic postural stability compared with matched healthy controls. DESIGN/METHODS:Prospective case-control study. SETTING/METHODS:Orthopedic sports medicine and physical therapy clinics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS/METHODS:Patients aged 20 years and younger with an ACL tear scheduled for reconstruction were enrolled prospectively. Controls were recruited from local high schools and colleges via flyers. INTERVENTIONS/METHODS:Patients underwent double-stance dynamic postural stability testing prior to surgery, recording time to failure and dynamic motion analysis (DMA) scores. Patients were then matched with healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES/METHODS:Demographics, time to failure, and DMA scores were compared between groups. RESULTS:A total of 19 females and 12 males with ACL tears were matched with controls. Individuals with ACL tears were more active (Marx activity score: 15.7 [1.0] vs 10.8 [4.9], P < .001); had shorter times until test failure (84.4 [15.8] vs 99.5 [14.5] s, P < .001); and had higher (worse) DMA scores (627 [147] vs 481 [132], P < .001), indicating less dynamic postural stability. Six patients with ACL deficiency (1 male and 5 females) demonstrated lower (better) DMA scores than their controls, and another 7 (4 males and 3 females) were within 20% of controls. CONCLUSIONS:Patients undergoing ACL reconstruction had worse global dynamic postural stability compared with well-matched controls. This may represent the effect of the ACL injury or preexisting deficits that contributed to the injury itself. These differences should be studied further to evaluate their relevance to ACL injury risk, rehabilitation, and return to play.

BACKGROUND:A modified version of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), the Pedi-IKDC, is a validated patient-reported outcome measure in pediatric patients with knee pain. However, this questionnaire is lengthy and can fatigue patients, leading to inconsistent outcome collection. Thus, we sought to compare more easily attainable Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive testing patient reported outcomes to the gold standard Pedi-IKDC. METHODS:We prospectively collected PROMIS scores and Pedi-IKDC scores in 100 new, consecutive patients presenting with knee pain to a pediatric sports medicine practice. Patients were excluded if they provided an incomplete Pedi-IKDC, had prior ipsilateral lower extremity surgery, or significant associated medical comorbidities. PROMIS domains including Mobility, Pain Interference, and Upper Extremity (control) were compared with the Pedi-IKDC with Pearson correlations. The number of questions in each metric was analyzed. Floor and ceiling effects of each test were also assessed. RESULTS:The average age of the study cohort was 14 years (range, 7 to 18  y) with 53% female and 47% male. 70% of patients completed the Pedi-IKDC questionnaire, compared with 100% with PROMIS tests. The average Pedi-IKDC score was 48.8±22.3 (range, 5.4 to 100). Mean scores for Mobility, Pain Interference, and Upper Extremity domains were 38.4±10.1, 53.5±10.3, and 49.7±8.7, respectively. All tests demonstrated similar and acceptable floor and ceiling effects (<15%). The length of the Pedi-IKDC (22 questions) was roughly double that of combined PROMIS Pain Interference and Mobility tests (11.9±2.3 questions). Pedi-IKDC scores correlated with tested PROMIS measures (Mobility/Pain Interference, r=0.42/-0.49). When 7 highly functional patients with significant pain symptoms were removed for a secondary analysis, Mobility and Pain correlations improved to 0.69 and -0.67, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:PROMIS Mobility and Pain scores demonstrate moderate correlations with the Pedi-IKDC, highlighting these tests are not capturing the same patient experiences. These correlations are weakened by a small group of painful yet highly functioning patients. The Pedi-IKDC was significantly longer and had a much lower completion rate than PROMIS tests, highlighting a need for a validated computer adaptive testing in evaluating pediatric patients with knee pain. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:Level II.

BACKGROUND:Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), particularly cam-type, is now well accepted as a risk factor for the development of hip osteoarthritis (OA). However, many hips with FAI morphology will never develop hip pain or OA, identifying that our current understanding of FAI disease progression remains limited. The purposes of this retrospective case-control study were to (1) report the patient and disease characteristics of patients with rapidly progressive FAI requiring hip arthroplasty by the age of 40 and (2) to identify patient and imaging factors associated with rapidly progressive FAI. METHODS:Cases were retrospectively identified from an arthroplasty registry as patients 40 years old or younger with underlying FAI deformity and end stage OA requiring primary total hip arthroplasty. Patients were excluded for known DDH, AVN, SCFE, inflammatory arthritis, and previous ipsilateral surgery. Controls were identified from a hip preservation database as patients with symptomatic FAI undergoing surgical intervention over the same time period, and were matched 2:1 by gender and age. Alpha angles were calculated on frog-leg lateral and anteroposterior (AP) radiographs with both inclusion and exclusion of any osteophytic prominences (representing minimum and maximal possible underlying FAI morphology). Patient characteristics, radiographic parameters, and baseline patient reported outcomes were compared between the two groups using student's t-tests. RESULTS:The rapidly progressive FAI cohort of 31 patients had a mean age of 35.8 years at surgery and was 39% female and 61% male. Alpha angles were significantly larger compared to controls when osteophytes were included (Frog: 74.7±10.8 vs. 57.2±12.7°, p<0.001; AP: 91.7±10.7 vs. 61.2±19.4°, p<0.001), but not when osteophytes were excluded (Frog: 61.2±11.1 vs. 57.2±12.7°, p=0.15; AP: 64.9±17.1 vs. 61.3±19.4°, p=0.38). Except for UCLA activity score, all baseline outcome measures were significantly lower for rapidly progressive FAI cases (p<0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS:.