Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND & AIMS/OBJECTIVE:Twenty-five percent of the United States population is enrolled in Medicaid. Rates of Crohn's disease (CD) have not been estimated in the Medicaid population since the Affordable Care Act expansion in 2014. We aimed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of CD by age, sex, and race. METHODS:We identified all 2010-2019 Medicaid CD encounters using codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification versions 9 and 10. Individuals with ≥2 CD encounters were included. Sensitivity analyses were performed on other definitions (eg, ≥1 CD encounter). Incidence required ≥1 year of Medicaid eligibility prior to first CD encounter date (2013-2019). We calculated CD prevalence and incidence using the entire Medicaid population as the denominator. Rates were stratified by calendar year, age, sex, and race. Poisson regression models examined CD-associated demographic characteristics. We compared demographics and treatments of the entire Medicaid population with the multiple CD case definitions using percent and median. RESULTS:A total of 197,553 beneficiaries had ≥2 CD encounters. The CD point prevalence per 100,000 persons rose from 56 (2010) to 88 (2011) to 165 (2019). CD incidence per 100,000 person-years was 18 (2013) and 13 (2019). Higher incidence and prevalence rates correlated with female, white, or multiracial beneficiaries. Prevalence rates rose in later years. Incidence decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS:From 2010 to 2019, Medicaid population CD prevalence increased while incidence decreased from 2013 to 2019. Overall Medicaid CD incidence and prevalence ranges align with prior large administrative database studies.

BACKGROUND:We sought to review Crohn's disease (CD) case definitions that use diagnosis, procedure, and medication claims. METHODS:We searched PubMed and Embase from inception through January 31, 2022, using terms related to CD, inflammatory bowel disease, administrative claims, or validity. Each article was scrutinized by 2 authors independently screening and abstracting data. Collected data included participant characteristics, case definition characteristics, and case definition validity. When diagnostic accuracy was provided for multiple case definitions, we extracted the case definition selected by the authors. All diagnostic accuracy characteristics were captured. RESULTS:We identified 30 studies that evaluated a case definition using claims data to identify CD patients. The most common case definition included counts of diagnosis codes (57%) followed by a combination of diagnosis codes and medications (20%). All but 1 study validated the case definition with a medical chart review. In 2 studies, the patient's primary care provider completed a survey to confirm disease status. The positive predictive value of the case definitions ranged from 18% (≥1 code at a single U.S. health plan) to 100% (≥1 code plus a relevant prescription at a U.S. hospital). More complex case definitions (eg, ≥1 code + prescription or ≥2 codes) had lower variability in positive predictive value (≥80%) and specificity (≥85%) than the ≥1 code requirement. CONCLUSIONS:Health services researchers should validate case definitions in their research cohorts. When such validation cannot be performed, we recommend using a more complex case definition. Studies without a validated CD case definition should use sensitivity analyses to confirm the robustness of their results.

BACKGROUND AND AIM/UNASSIGNED:To identify demographic factors associated with tobacco use in Crohn's disease (CD) patients in the US Medicaid population and examine how tobacco use affects disease outcomes. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:We included Medicaid-eligible patients who had ≥1 ICD code for CD, and 1 year of eligibility before and after the initial encounter. We used ICD codes to identify tobacco use with respect to the time of diagnosis and used logistic regression to identify the association between age, sex, and race with tobacco use at any point before diagnosis and after diagnosis, and determine the association of tobacco use before and after diagnosis on disease outcomes. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:We identified 98 176 eligible patients; 74.5% had no documented use of tobacco and 25.5% used tobacco at some point; 21.1% had used tobacco before their CD diagnosis and 11.8% had used tobacco after diagnosis. The population that used tobacco had a higher proportion of women, those who were White, non-Hispanic, and those in their middle ages (21-60) than the group that did not use tobacco. Tobacco use before diagnosis resulted in higher risk of hospitalization and surgery (OR: 1.85 and 1.36, respectively). CONCLUSION/UNASSIGNED:Within the CD Medicaid population, tobacco use is more common in women than men, which differs from the general population, which is possibly a result of using diagnostic codes rather than survey data. Smoking cessation efforts should especially be directed at younger people who are at risk for CD, due to increased risk for more adverse outcomes among those who use tobacco before diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE:Adopting features of the Chronic Care Model may reduce coronary heart disease risk and blood pressure in vulnerable populations. We evaluated a peer and practice team intervention on reduction in 4-year coronary heart disease risk and systolic blood pressure. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS/METHODS:A single blind, randomized, controlled trial in two adjacent urban university-affiliated primary care practices. Two hundred eighty African-American subjects aged 40 to 75 with uncontrolled hypertension. INTERVENTION/METHODS:Three monthly calls from trained peer patients with well-controlled hypertension and, on alternate months, two practice staff visits to review a personalized 4-year heart disease risk calculator and slide shows about heart disease risks. All subjects received usual physician care and brochures about healthy cooking and heart disease. MAIN MEASURES/METHODS:Change in 4-year coronary heart disease risk (primary) and change in systolic blood pressure, both assessed at 6 months. KEY RESULTS/RESULTS:At baseline, the 136 intervention and 144 control subjects' mean 4-year coronary heart disease risk did not differ (intervention=5.8 % and control=6.4 %, P=0.39), and their mean systolic blood pressure was the same (140.5 mmHg, p=0.83). Endpoint data for coronary heart disease were obtained for 69 % of intervention and 82 % of control subjects. After multiple imputation for missing endpoint data, the reduction in risk among all 280 subjects favored the intervention, but was not statistically significant (difference -0.73 %, 95 % confidence interval: -1.54 % to 0.09 %, p=0.08). Among the 247 subjects with a systolic blood pressure endpoint (85 % of intervention and 91 % of control subjects), more intervention than control subjects achieved a >5 mmHg reduction (61 % versus 45 %, respectively, p=0.01). After multiple imputation, the absolute reduction in systolic blood pressure was also greater for the intervention group (difference -6.47 mmHg, 95 % confidence interval: -10.69 to -2.25, P=0.003). One patient died in each study arm. CONCLUSIONS:Peer patient and office-based behavioral support for African-American patients with uncontrolled hypertension did not result in a significantly greater reduction in coronary heart disease risk but did significantly reduce systolic blood pressure.

BACKGROUND:Despite mounting evidence that peer coaches can make significant contributions to patient health, little is known about factors that must be addressed to engage and retain them in their role. OBJECTIVE:To identify motivators and barriers to serving as a peer coach. DESIGN/METHODS:Open ended semi-structured interviews. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING/METHODS:In a randomized trial of peer support, patients with well controlled hypertension and good interpersonal skills were recruited and trained to serve as peer coaches for African-American patients from the same practices who had poorly controlled hypertension. Peer coaches spoke by telephone at least three times with their same sex patient-clients on alternate months during the 6-month intervention and counseled about medication adherence as well as other healthy lifestyles. KEY RESULTS/RESULTS:Of 15 trained peer coaches, ten were contacted and agreed to participate in the qualitative interview. Peer coaches had a mean age of 66 years, 50% were women, and 80% were African-American. Themes regarding favorable aspects of the peer coach experience included: meaning and satisfaction derived from contributing to community health and the personal emotional and physical benefits derived from serving as a peer coach. Negative aspects centered on: challenges in establishing the initial telephone contact and wanting more information about their patient-clients' personal health conditions and status. Peer coaches endorsed gender matching but were less clear about race-matching. CONCLUSIONS:Programs that utilize peer support to enhance positive health behaviors should recognize that a spirit of volunteerism motivates many successful peer coaches. Program planners should acknowledge the special characteristics required of successful peer coaches when selecting, motivating and training individuals for this role.