Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND:Our objective is to report our outcomes and demonstrate our evolving technique for robotic sleeve resection of the airway, with or without lobectomy, using video vignettes. METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed a single surgeon prospective database from October 2010 to October 2019. RESULTS:Over 9 years, there were 5,573 operations of which 1951 were planned for a robotic approach. There were 755 robotic lobectomies, 306 robotic segmentectomies, and 23 consecutive patients were scheduled for elective completely portal, robotic sleeve resection. Sleeve lobectomy was performed in 18 patients: 10 right upper lobe, 6 left upper lobe, and 2 right lower lobe. Two patients had mainstem bronchus resections and two underwent right bronchus intermedius resections that preserved all of the lung. One patient had a robotic pneumonectomy. There was one conversion to open thoracotomy due to concern for anastomotic tension in a patient who received neoadjuvant therapy. All patients had an R0 resection. In the last 10 operations, we modified our airway anastomosis, using a running self-locking absorbable suture. The median length of stay was 3 days (range 1-11). There were no 30- or 90-day mortalities. Within a median follow-up of 18 months, there were no anastomotic strictures and no recurrent cancers. CONCLUSIONS:Our early and midterm results show that a completely portal robotic sleeve resection is safe and oncologically effective. The technical aspects of a robotic sleeve resection of the airway are demonstrated using video vignettes.

BACKGROUND:Our objectives are to present our outcomes of robotic segmentectomy and our preferred technique for nodule localization using indocyanine green both bronchoscopically and intravenously. METHODS:This is a retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients scheduled for robotic segmentectomy from a single surgeon's prospectively collected database. RESULTS:Between January 2010 and October 2018, there were 245 consecutive patients who underwent planned robotic segmentectomy by one surgeon, of which 93 (38%) received indocyanine green via electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy and all 245 received intravenous indocyanine green. Median time for navigational bronchoscopy was 9 minutes. Navigational bronchoscopy with indocyanine green correctly identified the lesion in 80 cases (86%). Our preferred technique is: 0.5 mL of 25 mg of indocyanine green diluted in 10 mL of saline given bronchoscopically, followed by a 0.5 mL saline flush, staying at least 4 mm from the pleural surface. The remaining 9.5 mL of indocyanine green is administered intravenously after pulmonary artery ligation. An R0 resection was achieved in all 245 patients, a median of 17 lymph nodes were resected, and the average length of stay was 3.1 days (range 1-21 days). Major morbidity occurred in 3 patients and there were no 30 or 90-day mortalities. CONCLUSIONS:Robotic segmentectomy is safe with excellent early clinical outcomes. In our series, electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy and indocyanine green localization is efficient and effective at identifying the target lesion. Intravenous indocyanine green delineates the intersegmental plane.

Robotic resection of pulmonary lesions has become a more common approach in the field of thoracic surgery. The greatest drawback of robotic resection is the lack of tactile feedback as compared to open approaches, making identification of intrapulmonary lesion difficult. Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (navibronch) enables pre-incisional marking of pulmonary lesions for intraoperative identification. We sought to determine how effective navibronch was in our institution's robotic cases. Thirty-one patients underwent robotically assisted resection of 35 lesions with the assistance of navibronch from 7/2014 to 9/2015. Retrospective demographic and operative data were collected on these patients, and statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA means testing, Chi-square, and non-parametric tests. The average age in this patient population was 63.7 ± 13.5 years. Eight patients (25.8%) were male. Twenty-five (80.6%) of the patients had pathology involving one lobe, with six (19.4%) in two lobes. 34 of the resections (97.1%) resulted in dye being localized to the first specimen; 34 (97.1%) were found to have the target pathology in the initial specimen. Further resection was carried out in 22 (62.9%) cases, with the final resection resulting in a segment in 2 (5.7%) and a lobe in 14 (40.0%). The mean number of lung specimens collected was 1.94 ± 0.13. The mean number of tumors in each target resection was 1.46 ± 0.66 in final pathology. Malignancy was found in 19 (54.3%) of final specimens. There were no complications related to navibronch. Navibronch is an effective technique in the identification and localization of pulmonary lesions in robotically assisted lung resections.

Background. We have previously shown that vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VRE) with DAP MICs close to the breakpoint (4 mug/mL) harbor genetic changes associated with DAP resistance (DAP-R). Further, DAP MIC was a predictor of poor microbiological eradication in patients with VRE bacteremia treated with DAP. Furthermore, DAP-susceptible VRE isolates with DAP MIC of 3-4 mug/mL (Etest) were more likely to fail DAP therapy, independently of the DAP dose used. Here, we used WGS to determine whether mutations associated with DAP-R could predict DAP MICs. Methods. We performed WGS to identify potential determinants of DAP-R in 80 E. faecium isolates (62 DAP-S and 18 DAP-R recovered from bloodstream and other infection sites) in diverse US geographical locations. Two modeling strategies were employed with the aim of increasing the robustness of our prediction strategy, (i) a logistic regression model approach to predict the probability of an isolate of exhibiting a DAP MIC of >= 3mug/dl based on the presence of relevant mutations, and (ii) a linear regression model to predict a single doubling dilution increase on DAP MIC in the presence or absence of mutations associated with DAP-R, after transforming MICs to a log2 scale. Statistical significance (P value) was set at <0.05. Results. Out of 62 genetic determinants examined, the presence of substitutions in LiaFSR or YycFGHI systems were independent predictors of an isolate exhibiting DAP MIC >= 3 mug/mL (logistic model, LiaFSR OR 8.9, P < 0.0001 and YycFGHI OR 6.2; P < 0.0001) or of an increase in DAP MIC (lineal model; LiaFSR beta 14.6; P < 0.04; YycFGHI beta 1.7; P < 0.0001) and were consistent in both models. When we evaluated individual genetic changes within the proteins from both systems, substitutions in YycG were associated with the greatest increase on DAP MIC (8.0-fold; beta = 3.0, 95% CI 2.8-4.1 P < 0.0001), followed by LiaF (3.0-fold; beta 1.5, 95% CI 0.17-2.9 P = 0.028;), LiaS (2.0-fold; beta = 0.9, 95% CI 0.2-1.6; P = 0.006) and LiaR (1.7-fold; beta = 0.8, 95% CI 0.1-1.5, P = 0.021). Conclusion. Our data indicate that WGS may identify organisms with elevated DAP MIC that, even if not above the clinical breakpoint, may lead to microbiological failure. WGS has the potential of providing a better guidance for DAP therapy

One to two percent of ectopic parathyroid adenomas are found in the lower mediastinum and often these are best accessed via a sternotomy or thoracotomy. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is an alternative approach with less surgical trauma, decreased morbidity, shorter hospital stays, and superior cosmetic results. Ten years after the first VATS resection of an ectopic mediastinal parathyroid, a robot-assisted thoracoscopic approach was described. Here we describe a series of five robot assisted complete thymectomies in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism due to mediastinal ectopic parathyroid adenomas. A single surgeon, single institution case series of five consecutive robotic-assisted mediastinal parathyroidectomies was performed between March 2013 and September 2015. The patients' ages ranged from 31 to 65, 80 % were female, and all had primary hyperparathyroidism due to an ectopic parathyroid located in the lower mediastinum. Pre-operative imaging workup included Technetium 99-sestimibi parathyroid scan and CT scan of the chest. An ectopic parathyroid adenoma was successfully removed in all five cases, with intraoperative iOPTH decreasing ~50 % from baseline after 10 minutes. A hypercellular parathyroid was confirmed on pathologic exam in all specimens. Post-operative discharge and follow up calcium levels all returned to normal. There were no intraoperative complications, including no recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, no postoperative morbidity, and no mortalities. This case series demonstrates that a robot-assisted complete thymectomy for mediastinal parathyroid adenomas causing primary hyperparathyroidism provides excellent visualization of the mediastinum, is effective at reducing PTH and calcium levels, and is safe with no morbidity or mortality.