Faculty Bibliography

One in four US adults age ≥ 65 have two or more chronic conditions, many of which can be prevented or managed through nutritional interventions. Despite known benefits, nutrition is not prioritized in undergraduate or graduate medical education. We reviewed agendas of three major geriatrics-related continuing medical education (CME) conferences from 2018 to 2025 to understand the extent to which deficits in nutrition training could be addressed via CME. We searched 19 conference agendas for the terms: "nutrition," "diet," "lifestyle," "food," "fat," "carbohydrates," "protein," "vitamin," "mineral," "weight," and "nutrients." Our results showed that nutrition topics were inconsistently offered at geriatrics-related CME conferences, with some conferences offering no nutrition-related talks, and some offering as little as 8 minutes of nutrition-related talks. Few sessions addressed malnutrition or food security. This is the first known review of nutrition education at geriatrics-focused CME conferences. We found insufficient practical nutrition education for providers at CME events to overcome training gaps in medical education. Improved interdisciplinary participation at CME events could increase availability of nutrition education for physicians.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of systemic inflammation, has been linked to dementia risk, but prior studies were limited by small sample sizes. METHODS:We assessed the association between baseline NLR and incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Alzeimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) using electronic health records from New York University (NYU) (n = 284,530) and the Veterans Health Administration [VA] (n = 85,836) Hospitals from 2011 to 2023. AD/ADRD diagnoses were identified via International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes ≥6 months post-baseline. Cox models and cumulative incidence functions (CIFs) adjusted for demographic and clinical variables, with death as a competing risk. RESULTS:Higher NLR was associated significantly with increased AD/ADRD risk in both cohorts (NYU hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.15; VA HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.10-1.34). Spline analysis further confirmed a continuous dose-response relationship, and subgroup analyses showed higher risk among female and Hispanic patients. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:Elevated NLR is independently associated with higher AD/ADRD risk across diverse populations, highlighting the role of systemic inflammation and neutrophil-mediated pathways in neurodegeneration.

Over 50% of persons living with dementia (PLWD) and their care partners (dyads) visit the emergency department (ED) every year. In the ED, healthcare professionals face complex challenges managing acute issues and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related dementias without provider training or in-ED structures to ensure a successful discharge. While many of these visits are for conditions more suitable for ambulatory care, as many as 50% of PLWD discharged from the ED return within 30 days, suggesting opportunities to improve ED care, and discharge processes. Emergency Care Redesign (ECR) includes intentional workflows where physicians, nurses, and social workers engage in a team-based approach with structured assessments to manage a myriad of potential psychosocial and behavioral issues contributing to the need for ED care. Three core components comprise this evidence-based, efficient pragmatic intervention for PLWD and their care partners: (1) problem identification, (2) problem prioritization, and (3) provision of non-pharmacologic solutions supported by community resources. Although these components are essential to provide optimal ED care and reduce revisits and other adverse outcomes, they require an embedded clinical decision support structure, focused training, and clear workflows. In this paper, we describe the ECR intervention as one of three being implemented in the cluster-randomized multifactorial pragmatic trial, Emergency Departments LEading Transformation of Alzheimer's and Dementia Care (ED-LEAD), designed to improve care for PLWD and their outcomes after discharge home within 15 health systems and 79 EDs across the United States.

BackgroundPersons living with dementia (PLWD) and their care partners face unique challenges in participating in research studies. Community Engagement Studios (CES) provide a framework for researchers to work directly with community members, considered as Community Experts, who experience conditions under study to enhance research design, implementation, and dissemination.ObjectiveWe describe our experience conducting CES with PLWD and their care partners and lessons learned.MethodsPLWD and their care partners participated in three CES between July and December 2022; one in New Hampshire in English and two in New York, one of which was in Spanish. We followed the CES Toolkit guidance, which involves 1) inviting experts/stakeholders (PLWD and their care partners) to a consultative meeting, 2) preparing a presentation (interview guide) and facilitating the meeting, and 3) receiving and analyzing feedback from participants.Results12 community members (6 PLWD and 6 care partners) participated in our three studios. Three study design factors were identified during the CES: recruitment process (trust and communication with the research team), participants' autonomy, and trust and communication with clinicians. Spanish language community members raised similar issues to those in the English-speaking CES. However, Spanish language participants also noted the potential impact of interpreters during clinic visits.ConclusionsCES were feasible, informative, and well-received by PLWD and led to changes in our study design. We describe strategies for engaging care partners and PLWD, Community Experts, to elicit valid and valuable recommendations for making research studies more relevant and impactful.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Though brain fog is common in Long-coronavirus disease 2019 (Long-COVID), the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is unknown. METHODS:In an observational cohort study, recovered COVID-positive, Long-COVID, and COVID-negative subjects underwent blinded evaluation using National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) and National Institute on Aging (NIA) -Alzheimer's Association diagnostic criteria for dementia and MCI. The cumulative incidence of MCI was calculated for each group, and the hazard of MCI was compared between groups. RESULTS:Among 260 subjects, the cumulative incidence of MCI over 4.4 years was higher with Long-COVID (27%) versus recovered-COVID (5%) or COVID-negative status (1%). There was a higher hazard of MCI for patients with Long-COVID compared to those without (hazard ratio [HR] 3.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.86-8.31, p < 0.001), and specifically for the Alzheimer's disease (AD) -related MCI subtype (HR 3.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-9.00, p = 0.027). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:The cumulative incidence and adjusted hazard of MCI (and specifically AD-related MCI) at 4.4 years was significantly higher among Long-COVID patients compared to recovered-COVID and COVID-negative controls.

BACKGROUND:Age-related hearing loss is highly prevalent, underrecognized, and consequently, undertreated. Hearing loss can have a substantial negative impact on communication and biopsychosocial health. We hypothesize that offering validated hearing assessments and a point-of-care counseling program in an older, underserved population will be more accessible and acceptable than the traditional pathway for audiology care, particularly in marginalized communities. METHODS:This convergent mixed methods feasibility study will assess the implementation of a hearing program embedded in a quality improvement initiative within the Geriatric Clinic of New York City Health and Hospital's Bellevue Hospital Center and the feasibility of recruiting for a future efficacy trial to test the intervention. Adult patients ≥ 60 years who are proficient in English or Spanish and not currently using hearing rehabilitation are eligible for initial screening. Hearing level, including individual ear severity, is identified using a validated tablet-based measure of pure tone audiometry and a self-report measure of hearing disability. We define hearing loss subjectively based on a score of 8 or greater on the Hearing Handicap Inventory-Screen (HHI-S) or using a four-frequency pure tone average > 25 dB hearing level in the better ear, representing at least a mild hearing loss. Patients who are determined to have measurable hearing loss and provide informed consent will be invited to participate in a pilot study and randomized to one of two approaches: (1) a counseling on alternative rehabilitation strategies intervention arm or (2) usual care with referral to the audiology pathway. Primary feasibility outcomes include recruitment and retention rates, intervention adherence, acceptability, and the ability to collect outcome measurements. We will also explore changes in HHI-S scores over 3 months and assess subsequent audiology service utilization in both groups. In addition to the quantitative data, we will include key participant interviews with staff and patients to assess feasibility from participant attitudes. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:This study will provide insights into the feasibility of offering hearing screening/assessments and counseling in primary care and its potential to improve access to hearing care for underserved older adults. Findings will inform the design of future trials evaluating the impact of primary care-based tailored hearing interventions on patient health and quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION/BACKGROUND:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05943509, Trial registration date: July 13, 2023, Protocol Version: 1.

BACKGROUND:Age-related hearing loss is common and a particularly prevalent disability among Veterans. In response, comprehensive hearing services are available within the Veterans Affairs (VA) integrated healthcare system. Severe hearing loss may pose distinct communication challenges inadequately addressed by hearing aids, but data suggest severe hearing loss is often not treated differently. We sought to identify barriers and facilitators to evidence-based and individualized management of severe hearing loss from the perspectives of VA clinicians and Veterans. METHODS:We used purposeful sampling to conduct remote semi-structured video interviews with 33 current VA clinicians encompassing multiple disciplines and 39 Veterans with severe hearing loss over approximately an 18 month period (May 2022 to December 2023). We analyzed qualitative data using content thematic analysis. Coding categories were summarized within each participant; then across all participants to yield clinician-specific and Veteran themes. RESULTS:In the sample of 33 VA clinicians (20 audiologists, 9 otolaryngologists and 4 primary care clinicians), the overarching theme of qualitative data is that hearing loss is undertreated in the Veteran population. Across clinician groups, the qualitative data revealed multi-level factors (system-, clinician-, and patient-level) that influence the delivery of hearing care and management for Veterans with severe hearing loss. Interviews revealed that efficient access and collaborative care facilitate evidence-based practice. Among Veterans, inadequately managed hearing loss impacts quality of life; lack of knowledge and misconceptions about hearing care options and system-level barriers influence Veterans' perceptions of their hearing care and management. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Although hearing care is available to Veterans, multi-level factors influence the delivery of hearing care and management for Veterans with severe hearing loss. Greater attention both in primary and specialty care is needed to ensure tailored treatments are available to Veterans with severe hearing loss across the integrated VA health care system.

BACKGROUND:Motivational text messages can encourage increased physical activity. This study aimed to validate motivational text messages among older adults and care partners and to assess differences in perceived motivational value between the two groups. METHODS:We designed nine motivational text messages to capture nine distinct physical activity scenarios. For this cross-sectional observational study, we enrolled 14 content experts, 310 older adults, and 305 care partners. Content experts assessed the relevance, while the older adults and care partners assessed the perceived motivational value of each text message on a 5-point Likert scale. We computed the item content validity index and assessed differences in perceived motivational value among older adults and care partners using quantile regression while adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics. RESULTS:The item content validity index ranged from 0.86 to 1.00. The median (interquartile range) perceived motivational value for each text message was 4.0 (3.0-5.0), and there were no statistically significant differences in reported motivational values between older adults and care partners. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:We present nine content-validated text messages with high motivational value for older adults and care partners that can be integrated into technology-based intervention studies and may improve physical activity behavior in both groups.

BACKGROUND:This cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate measures of perceptions, attitudes, and practices to support physical activity among older adults. METHOD/METHODS:We enrolled online 310 community-dwelling U.S. older adults and 11 content experts. Using the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices framework, we developed 14, seven, and nine items for the Perceived Physical Activity Benefits Scale (PBAS), Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS), and Physical Activity Practice Scale (PAPS), respectively. We generated derivation and replication samples using a 30:70 simple random split. Content validity and item analyses were performed on the full sample, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for derivation and replication samples, respectively. RESULTS:Item-level content validity indices for the PBAS, APAS, and PAPS were 0.96, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. Also, the internal consistencies for the PBAS, APAS, and PAPS were 0.92, 0.77, and 0.91, respectively. Our EFA identified two subscale constructs for each measure, with good subscale reliability. CFA fit index ranges for the PBAS, APAS, and PAPS were 0.90-0.94, 0.97-0.99, and 0.95-0.97. CONCLUSIONS:The PBAS, APAS, and PAPS are reliable and valid instruments for assessing perceptions, attitudes, and practices related to physical activity among older adults.