Faculty Bibliography

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Emergency department (ED) care transitions are particularly challenging for persons living with cognitive impairment (PLWCI) and their care partners. Existing measures overlook care partners' unique experiences. We developed and validated the Caregiver-reported Outcome Measure for Emergency care Transitions (COMET) tool to assess these transitions. METHODS:We enrolled 170 care partners from four EDs in a multiphase process including qualitative interviews, item development, member checking, cognitive debriefing, expert review, and psychometric testing. RESULTS:= 0.85). Factor analysis supported a clear structure, and correlations with the Care Transitions Measure-3 supported validity. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:COMET is a feasible, reliable, and valid tool for evaluating ED care transitions for PLWCI and their care partners.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:More than half of older adults with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) are undiagnosed, limiting timely access to person-centered care. Therefore, clinicians, researchers, and population health managers need scalable, reproducible approaches to monitor both prevalence and diagnostic gaps. We evaluated whether a decision-analytic modeling framework can translate a limited number of clinician-adjudicated cases of ADRD into a probabilistic computational phenotype for accurate, population-level assignments of probable ADRD in the emergency department (ED) setting using routinely collected electronic health record (EHR) data. METHODS:Retrospective cohort study of 5000 adults aged ≥ 65 years from nine EDs within a large integrated health system (2014-2022). We randomly selected 500 individuals for clinician adjudication of dementia status (reference cohort), reserving the remaining 4500 as a phenotyping cohort. We developed the phenotype as a logistic regression model trained on adjudicated cases, embedding pattern-mixture multiple imputation to address information bias. We applied decision-curve analysis to evaluate clinical utility across probabilistic thresholds. We applied the phenotype to assign dementia status to 4500 unadjudicated patients and compared clinical characteristics to adjudicated cases. RESULTS:The mean (SD) age was 77.4 (9.0) years; 55.4% were women; 102 individuals (20.4%) had clinician-adjudicated ADRD. The model demonstrated good discrimination (AUROC 0.87; 95% CI 0.82-0.91). Decision-curve analysis revealed net clinical benefit across examined thresholds (predicted probabilities 12%-32%), identifying an additional 16-18 probable ADRD cases per 100 older adults. Among those without ADRD-related diagnosis codes, net benefit ranged from 8 to 13 additional correct identifications per 100. Phenotype-assigned cases closely resembled clinician-adjudicated cases (standardized mean differences ≤ 0.20). CONCLUSIONS:A probabilistic computational phenotype derived from routinely collected EHR data accurately reproduced clinician-adjudicated ADRD status and demonstrated net clinical benefit, including among ED patients whose ADRD was not captured by diagnosis codes. Adoption of this replicable framework may enable healthcare organizations to strengthen ADRD surveillance and reduce underdiagnosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE/OBJECTIVE:Emergency department (ED) visits among older adults represent critical transition points in health care, often resulting in substantial downstream utilization. We aimed to quantify health care contact days in the 30 days following a treat-and-release ED visit among older adults and examine associations with demographic and clinical characteristics. METHODS:We conducted a pooled cross-sectional analysis of 2016-2021 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data. The sample included treat-and-release ED visits among beneficiaries ≥ 65 years. Health care contact days were categorized as institutional (ED, hospital, skilled nursing facility, hospice) and ambulatory (outpatient visits, labs, imaging, procedures, or treatments). We applied zero-inflated Poisson regression to estimate the likelihood and intensity of health care contact. RESULTS:The analytic sample comprised 10,964 treat-and-release ED visits. Within 30 days, 22.5% of visits resulted in institutional contact and 84.4% in ambulatory contact. On average, each ED visit was followed by 4.3 total contact days (3.0 ambulatory, 1.3 institutional) within 30 days. Having ≥ 2 chronic conditions was associated with greater odds of both institutional (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.28-1.66) and ambulatory contact (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.25-1.66). Dementia was associated with reduced odds of ambulatory contact (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.37-0.72). CONCLUSIONS:Older adults experience frequent and sustained health care contact following treat-and-release ED visits, with particularly high intensity among those with multi-morbidity. Reduced ambulatory follow-up among patients with dementia highlights a potential gap in care coordination after ED discharge.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:Older adults with abdominal pain present diagnostic uncertainty due to less informative histories/exams, broader etiologies, and higher morbidity. Whether ED imaging decisions are calibrated to this risk is unclear. The objective of this study was to compare age-stratified clinical features, CT utilization, and CT diagnostic yield, and to assess how history/physical and clinician pretest suspicion relate to adverse outcomes. METHODS:This was a retrospective cohort analysis of data from a prospective cohort collected from March 2016-January 2017 at a single community teaching hospital emergency department in southwest Baltimore. We analyzed 1169 visits of adults presenting with nontraumatic abdominal pain including 229 (19.6%) aged ≥ 60 years. Patients < 18 years were excluded. Age groups were 18-39, 40-59, ≥ 60 years. Outcomes were CT ordering, acute actionable CT findings, admission, surgery, and a composite of adverse outcomes (any actionable CT finding, admission, surgery, or Emergency General Surgical diagnosis). History and physical examination operating characteristics (e.g., sensitivity/specificity of tenderness, rebound) were also calculated. RESULTS:Of 1169 visits, 19.6% were aged ≥ 60 years. CT ordering increased with age (41.7%, 66.2%, 70.7% for 18-39, 40-59, ≥ 60; p < 0.001), as did CT yield (18.4%, 31.2%, 37.7%; p < 0.001). Admissions (12.1%, 28.0%, 37.6%) and surgeries (4.6%, 9.0%, 10.6%) also rose with age. Clinician pretest suspicion was similar across age groups. Abdominal tenderness was less sensitive for adverse outcomes in older adults (sensitivity 0.58 in ≥ 60 vs. 0.73 in 18-39 and 0.73 in 40-59), while rebound tenderness was highly specific across ages (specificity 0.98, 0.96, 0.98). The number of potential diagnoses to consider rose with age. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:In this cohort, CT use and positivity increased with age and key exam findings (e.g., tenderness) being less informative in older adults, despite similar reported clinician pretest suspicion. These results support age-aware imaging decisions and motivate reframing ED abdominal pain as a geriatric-specific chief complaint.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:Patients and experts agree that potentially inappropriate medications should be reconsidered after adverse drug events (ADEs), yet emergency providers are often hesitant to discuss deprescribing in deference to outpatient prescribers. We sought to explore patient communication preferences for deprescribing in the emergency department (ED) after an ADE. METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional survey study of older adults aged 65 years and older presenting to a southeastern, academic ED from June 2024 to October 2024. While awaiting results, eligible participants completed a best-worst scaling survey comparing seven potential ED communication strategies for prompting deprescription of daily aspirin. The primary analysis tested whether an ED-initiated "therapeutic pause" ("Considering your bleeding, I would like you to hold your aspirin until you can discuss with your primary care provider") was preferred by > 50% of participants over a generic discharge referral to a primary care provider through a one-sided binomial test. Secondary analyses used conditional logistic regression to evaluate relative preference across all seven deprescribing phrases. RESULTS:In total, 102 patients completed the survey with a mean (SD) age of 75 years old (std dev 7). Among all respondents, 62% (95% CI, 52%-71%) preferred an ED-initiated 'therapeutic pause' of aspirin with primary care follow-up to the generic PCP deferral approach (p = 0.01). The least preferred statement was a strict deprescribing recommendation ("I do not think you need aspirin anymore"), which was selected as the least-favored communication approach in 65% of choice tasks. In conditional logistic regression, the therapeutic pause had greater odds of being selected as most preferred compared to the least preferred phrase (OR 9.3; 95% CI, 6.3-13.8). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Our study suggests that ED physicians may take a proactive approach in addressing potential deprescribing in caring for patients with ADEs, such as initiating a therapeutic pause of aspirin after an episode of bleeding.

BACKGROUND:Since 2018, the Geriatric Emergency Department (GED) Accreditation Program has recognized Emergency Departments (EDs) that provide high-quality care tailored to older adults. GEDs have expanded rapidly across the United States in recent years, but little is known about how GED care is associated with patient outcomes, including hospital admissions and subsequent mortality. METHODS:We used the 2018-2021 Health and Retirement Study (HRS)-Medicare linked data of adults aged ≥ 65 years. We supplemented these data with the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) GED accreditation list and American Hospital Association (AHA) data. Receipt of acute care in a GED was defined as having an ED visit at a GED. Patient-level analyses were conducted using each individual's most recent ED visit. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between receipt of acute care in a GED and outcomes of hospital admission and 30-day mortality, adjusting for patient demographics, socioeconomic status, health conditions, ED visit severity, and hospital-level characteristics. RESULTS:Among 4563 older adults who had an ED visit, 270 (5.9%) received acute care in GEDs and 4293 (94.1%) received non-GED care. Compared with those treated in non-GEDs, patients treated in GEDs had significantly lower odds of hospital admission (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.42-0.87; p < 0.01) and 30-day mortality (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.96; p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed that the association with admission was more pronounced among adults aged 65-80 years (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24-0.76; p < 0.01) and non-Hispanic White individuals (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.34-0.78). An association with lower mortality was observed among non-Hispanic White individuals (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30-0.87; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:GED care was associated with lower odds of hospital admissions and 30-day mortality among older adults. Broader implementation may expand the reach of GED programs across diverse populations.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of systemic inflammation, has been linked to dementia risk, but prior studies were limited by small sample sizes. METHODS:We assessed the association between baseline NLR and incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Alzeimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) using electronic health records from New York University (NYU) (n = 284,530) and the Veterans Health Administration [VA] (n = 85,836) Hospitals from 2011 to 2023. AD/ADRD diagnoses were identified via International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes ≥6 months post-baseline. Cox models and cumulative incidence functions (CIFs) adjusted for demographic and clinical variables, with death as a competing risk. RESULTS:Higher NLR was associated significantly with increased AD/ADRD risk in both cohorts (NYU hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.15; VA HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.10-1.34). Spline analysis further confirmed a continuous dose-response relationship, and subgroup analyses showed higher risk among female and Hispanic patients. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:Elevated NLR is independently associated with higher AD/ADRD risk across diverse populations, highlighting the role of systemic inflammation and neutrophil-mediated pathways in neurodegeneration.