Faculty Bibliography

The aim of this study was to compare early clinical and radiographic results of single- versus double-pin fixation of unstable pediatric distal radius fractures. A total of 103 consecutive closed distal radius fractures treated with either single or double percutaneous pinning at a tertiary level I pediatric hospital were analyzed. All patients had open physes and had fractures that failed initial closed reduction and casting. Postoperative fracture displacement was assessed by measuring the difference in angulation of the radius in the anteroposterior and lateral views from intraoperative fluoroscopic images to postoperative radiographs taken on the day of pin removal. Complications were identified from the medical record review. In 103 operative distal radius fractures in 101 patients (70 males, 31 females), 52 and 51 distal radius fractures were treated with single and double pinning, respectively. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] age at the time of surgery was 12.1 (9.0-14.0) years, with the single-pinning group being younger by 1.9 years (P < 0.01). Median (IQR) postoperative angulation in the anteroposterior radiograph (coronal plane) was 2° (1-7°) with one pin versus 1° (0-2°) with two pins (P < 0.01). Median (IQR) postoperative angulation in the lateral radiograph (sagittal plane) was 3° (1-10°) with one pin versus 1° (0-2°) with two pins (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in complications between the single- and double-pinning groups. Double-pin fixation resulted in a statistically significant, but clinically negligible, reduction in postoperative fracture displacement compared with single-pin fixation. Complication rates were similar in both groups. These findings suggest that either single- or double-pinning techniques can be effective, provided appropriate reduction and postoperative immobilization are achieved.

The primary aim of this study was to assess the medium-term outcomes of the Global Icon stemless shoulder replacement in patients who have undergone primary total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) for glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis. A retrospective review of patients who had undergone a TSA using the Global Icon stemless shoulder system was performed. The Western Ontario Osteoarthritis Shoulder (WOOS) Index and Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) were evaluated pre-operatively and at 12 to 24 months post-operatively. Radiological outcomes, operation time, and post-operative complications were reported. Primary analysis for the WOOS Index and OSS focused on detecting within-group treatment effects at 24 months using a repeated measures ANOVA. Thirty patients were included in the study. Post-surgery, there was a significant improvement at 24 months on the OSS (ES = 0.932, CI: 41.7 to 47.7, p < 0.001) and the WOOS Index (ES = 0.906, CI: 71.9 to 99.8, p < 0.001). Radiographs revealed that no component loosened, migrated, or subsided. The median operative time was 75.5 (IQR: 12.25, range: 18 to 105) min. No implant-related complications were reported. The Global Icon stemless replacements have excellent clinical outcomes in this cohort at 12- and 24-month follow-up with no implant-related complications.

BACKGROUND:Extracortical single-button (SB) inlay repair is a commonly used distal biceps tendon technique. However, complications (eg, neurovascular injury) and nonanatomic repairs have led to the development of intracortical fixation techniques. PURPOSE:To compare the biomechanical stability of extracortical SB repair with an anatomic intracortical double-button (DB) repair technique. STUDY DESIGN:Controlled laboratory study. METHODS:The distal biceps tendon was transected in 18 cadaveric elbows from 9 donors. One elbow of each donor was randomly assigned to the extracortical SB or anatomic DB group. Both groups were cyclically loaded with 60 N over 1000 cycles between 90° of flexion and full extension. The elbow was then fixed in 90° of flexion and the repair construct loaded to failure. Gap formation and construct stiffness during cyclic loading and ultimate load to failure were analyzed. RESULTS:= .002) and was due to fracture avulsion of the cortical button in 7 of 9 specimens (vs none in the SB group). CONCLUSION:Our study shows that the intracortical DB technique produces equivalent or superior biomechanical performance to that of the SB technique. The DB technique may offer a clinically viable alternative to the SB repair technique. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:This study suggests, at worst, an equivalent and, at best, a superior biomechanical performance of intracortical anatomic DB footprint repair at the time of surgery. However, the mode of failure suggests that this technique should not be used in patients with poor bone quality.

BACKGROUND/UNASSIGNED:There is little evidence regarding the mechanisms of pectoralis major (PM) injury and player outcomes in Australian Football League (AFL) players. PURPOSES/HYPOTHESIS/UNASSIGNED:The study aims were to investigate (1) the mechanisms of PM muscle injury in elite AFL players via video analysis and (2) the player profile, method of management, and clinical outcomes of the PM injuries sustained. We hypothesized that the majority of PM tears would occur in outer-range PM positions (hyperextension of the glenohumeral joint). STUDY DESIGN/UNASSIGNED:Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:We analyzed video of the precipitating event for traumatic PM injuries during AFL competition or training over a 20-year period (2002-2021). The footage was analyzed by 4 experienced assessors, and the following were evaluated: mechanism of injury, injury variables (arm position, initial contact point, visual awareness, and use of taping), player characteristics (age at the time of injury, hand dominance, and history of injury), injury profile (location and size of tear), method of management (operative vs nonoperative), patient outcomes (time to return to full senior training/match play), and complication rates. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:The mean ± standard deviation age of the players was 26.5 ± 3.1 years (range, 21-32 years). Overall, 22 PM injuries were identified in the AFL injury database for a rate of 1.1 per year; 16 of these injuries had accompanying video footage. We identified 3 mechanisms for PM injury: horizontal hyperextension (62.5%), hyperflexion-abduction (25.0%), and horizontal adduction (sustained tackling; 12.5%). The most common site of the tear was the insertion point of the sternocostal head (91.0%). Twenty players (91.0%) required surgical repair, with 75% undergoing surgery within 1 week (range, 0-26 weeks). The mean return to competition for the surgical repair group was 11.1 weeks (range, 8-15 weeks). The rerupture rate was 5.0% (1 repair; <4 weeks postoperatively in 2004). CONCLUSION/UNASSIGNED:PM tears in elite male AFL players were due to 1 of 3 distinct mechanisms: horizontal hyperextension, hyperflexion-abduction, and horizontal adduction (sustained tackling). Players returned to play on average 11 weeks after injury. Knowledge regarding mechanisms of injury, player profile, and return-to-sport timelines is important for appropriate medical management and provides potential areas to target for prevention of PM injuries.

HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE:Simple transverse or short oblique olecranon fractures without articular comminution are classified as Mayo type-IIA fractures, and are typically treated with a tension band wire construct. Due to the high reoperation rates, frequently because of prominent hardware, all-suture tension band constructs have been introduced. It was the purpose to compare the biomechanical performance of conventional tension band wire fixation with a novel all-suture tension band tape fixation for simple olecranon fractures. METHODS:Mayo type-IIA olecranon fractures were created in 20 cadaveric elbows from 10 donors. One elbow of each donor was randomly assigned to the tension band wire technique (group TBW) or tension band tape (Arthrex, 1.3mm SutureTape) technique (group TBT). Both groups were cyclically loaded with 500N over 500 cycles, after which a uniaxial displacement was performed to evaluate load to failure. Data was analysed for gap formation after cyclic loading, construct stiffness and ultimate load to failure, where failure was defined as fracture gap formation greater than 4.0 mm. RESULTS:There was no significant difference in gap formation after 500 cycles between the TBW (1.8mm ±1.3) and the TBT (1.9mm ±1.1) groups (p=0.854). The TBT showed a tendency towards greater construct stiffness compared with the TBW construct (mean difference: 142N/mm; p=0.053). Ultimate load to failure was not significantly different comparing both groups (TBW: 1138N ±286 vs. TBT: 1126N ±272; p=0.928). In both groups, all repairs failed due to >4.0 mm gap formation at the fracture site and none due to tension band construct breakage. CONCLUSIONS:Our study shows the TBT technique produces equivalent or superior biomechanical performance to the TBW for simple olecranon fractures. The TBT approach reduces the risk of hardware prominence and as a result mitigates against the need for hardware removal. The TBT technique offers a clinically viable alternative to TBW.

CASE:A 23-year-old woman with an Osborne-Cotterill lesion and posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow was treated with osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) and lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) repair with internal brace. Two years after surgery, she reported resolution of pain and returned to all recreational activities. She reported no mechanical symptoms and no episodes of postoperative instability. CONCLUSION:PLRI can present with an Osborne-Cotterill lesion in addition to LUCL injury. The purpose of this case report was to describe the use of OCA to manage bony defects in the capitellum in addition to LUCL repair for patients with PLRI.

Among professional combat athletes, excessive and repetitive trauma to the carpometacarpal (CMC) joints may cause instability, arthritis, and the development of traumatic carpal boss. If nonoperative management is unsuccessful, CMC joint arthrodesis with iliac crest bone graft and supplemental Kirschner wire fixation is a reliable surgical option that results in pain-free return to full competition. From 2002 to 2015, 15 professional athletes with 17 symptomatic carpal bosses were treated with CMC joint arthrodesis after unsuccessful nonoperative management. The operative technique included decortication of the articular surface of the CMC joints, insertion of iliac cancellous and corticocancellous slot grafts, and secure Kirschner wire fixation. Patient charts and postoperative imaging were retrospectively reviewed. Outcome measures included grip strength, pain relief, fusion rate, return to competition, and complications. Mean age at the time of surgery was 28.2 years (range, 21-39 years). The radiographic fusion rate was 100% and occurred at a mean of 7.5 weeks. Mean return to competition occurred at 6 months. Grip strength at final follow-up increased 32% from preoperative level and was 90% of the grip strength of the contralateral hand. Postoperatively, 2 patients had sagittal band ruptures, and 1 patient had a fifth metacarpal fracture. No revision procedures were performed. All patients undergoing CMC arthrodesis had successful fusion, without the need for revision surgery and with return to full competition. For professional fighters, CMC arthrodesis with iliac crest autograft is a safe and effective surgical method for treating symptomatic traumatic carpal boss. [Orthopedics. 2022;45(1):e17-e22.].

Introduction/UNASSIGNED:Rock climbing is an increasingly popular sport in the United States. Acute and chronic upper extremity injuries related to rock climbing are frequently reported and include flexor pulley ruptures and hamate stress fractures. Deep space hand infections after indoor rock climbing are a sport-related pathology that has yet to be reported. Our purpose is to describe an acute septic carpal tunnel syndrome following rock climbing at an indoor climbing gym in a patient who required urgent irrigation and debridement. Case Report/UNASSIGNED:A 33-year-old Caucasian male presented with an acute septic carpal tunnel syndrome 4 days after rock climbing at an indoor gym. On physical examination, he exhibited numbness over the fingers, significant tenderness to palpation, and pain with passive range of motion. His inflammatory markers were markedly elevated and deep space hand infection was confirmed with computed tomography scans. The patient was taken for urgent exploration, irrigation and debridement, and carpal tunnel release. Conclusion/UNASSIGNED:We theorize that the patient had an abrasion on the finger or palm that created an entryway for a pathogen. We are unaware of another report of a deep space hand infection associated with rock climbing activities. This case report will hopefully spread awareness of this clinical entity to improve evaluation and prevention of hand infections in rock climbers, as well as providing guidelines for appropriate and timely treatment of the condition.