Faculty Bibliography

Bilateral craniofacial microsomia causes obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We hypothesize that unilateral craniofacial microsomia (UCFM) is an underappreciated cause of OSA. The records of all pediatric UCFM patients from 1990 to 2010 were reviewed; only complete records were included in the study. UCFM patients with OSA (apnea hypopnea index >1/hr) were compared to UCFM patients without OSA. Univariate and multivariate Fisher and chi tests were performed. Of the 62 UCFM patients, 7 (11.3%) had OSA. All OSA patients had Pruzansky IIB or III mandibles. OSA patients presented with snoring (71.4%), failure to thrive (FTT) (57.1%), and chronic respiratory infections (42.8%). Snoring (P < 0.001), Goldenhar syndrome (P = 0.001), and FTT (P = 0.004) were significantly associated with OSA, but race, obesity, clefts, respiratory anomalies, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and laterality were not. The prevalence of OSA in UCFM patients is up to 10 times greater than in the general population. Snoring, Goldenhar syndrome, and FTT are significantly associated with the presence of OSA.

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are the most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in young adults. Although previous studies have found that the mortality and morbidity of ICH due to AVM (AVM-ICH) is lower than in spontaneous ICH, it is unclear whether the more favorable prognosis is directly related to the presence of the vascular malformation. We included 34 patients with AVM-ICH and 187 with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) due to either hypertension or cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Patient data were obtained from the prospective Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes Project, which enrolls ICH patients admitted to Columbia University Medical Center. Using ICH etiology (AVM-ICH or sICH) and previously verified predictors of ICH outcome, two multivariate analyses were performed with and without age to compare the odds of death at 3 months and the functional outcome. Although mortality in AVM-ICH group was lower than the sICH group (20.6% versus 43.3%, respectively), this value was only significant when age was excluded (p=0.017) and lost its significance when we controlled for age (p=0.157). There was an analogous loss of significance with functional outcome using the modified Rankin Scale. In conclusion, our data suggests that the previously observed lower case fatality rate and more favorable functional outcomes in the AVM-ICH group compared to the sICH group may largely be the result of age.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Unruptured intracranial aneurysm repair is the most commonly performed procedure for the prevention of hemorrhagic stroke. Despite efforts to regionalize care in high-volume centers, overall results have improved little. This study aims to determine the effectiveness in improving outcomes of previous efforts to regionalize unruptured intracranial aneurysm repair to high-volume centers and to recommend future steps toward that goal. METHODS:Using data obtained via the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System, this study included all patients admitted to any of the 10 highest volume centers in New York state between 2005 and 2010 with a principal diagnosis of unruptured intracranial aneurysm who were treated either by microsurgical or endovascular repair. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to determine the degree to which hospital-level and patient-level variables contributed to observed variation in good outcome, defined as discharge to home, between hospitals. RESULTS:Of 3499 patients treated during the study period, 2692 (76.9%) were treated at the 10 highest volume centers, with 2198 (81.6%) experiencing a good outcome. Good outcomes varied widely between centers, with 44.6% to 91.1% of clipped patients and 75.4% to 92.1% of coiled patients discharged home. Mixed-effects logistic regression revealed that procedural volume accounts for 85.8% of the between-hospital variation in outcome. CONCLUSIONS:There is notable interhospital heterogeneity in outcomes among even the largest volume unruptured intracranial aneurysm referral centers. Although further regionalization may be needed, mandatory participation in prospective, adjudicated registries will be necessary to reliably identify factors associated with superior outcomes.

BACKGROUND:Hematoma expansion, the leading cause of neurologic deterioration after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), remains one of the few modifiable risk factors for poor outcome. In the present study, we explored whether common genetic variants within the hemostasis pathway were related to hematoma expansion during the acute period after ICH. METHODS:Patients with spontaneous ICH who were admitted to the institutional Neuro-ICU between 2009 and 2011 were enrolled in the study, and clinical data were collected prospectively. Hematoma size was measured in patients admitted on or before postbleed day 2. Baseline models for hematoma growth were constructed using backwards stepwise logistic regression. Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms for 13 genes involved in hemostasis was performed, and the results were individually included in the above baseline models to test for independent association of hematoma expansion. RESULTS:During the study period, 82 patients were enrolled in the study and had complete data. The mean age was 65.9 ± 14.9 years, and 38% were female. Only von Willebrand factor was associated with absolute and relative hematoma growth in univariate analysis (P < .001 and P = .007, respectively); von Willebrand factor genotype was independently predictive of relative hematoma growth but only approached significance for absolute hematoma growth (P = .002 and P = .097, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:Our genomic analysis of various hemostatic factors identified von Willebrand factor as a potential predictor of hematoma expansion in patients with ICH. The identification of von Willebrand factor single-nucleotide polymorphisms may allow us to better identify patients who are at risk for hematoma enlargement and will benefit the most from treatment. The relationship of von Willebrand factor with regard to hematoma enlargement in a larger population warrants further study.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:It is still unknown whether subsequent perihaematomal oedema (PHE) formation further increases the odds of an unfavourable outcome. METHODS:Demographic, clinical, radiographic and outcome data were prospectively collected in a single large academic centre. A multiple logistic regression model was then developed to determine the effect of admission oedema volume on outcome. RESULTS:133 patients were analysed in this study. While there was no significant association between relative PHE volume and discharge outcome (p=0.713), a strong relationship was observed between absolute PHE volume and discharge outcome (p=0.009). In a multivariate model incorporating known predictors of outcome, as well as other factors found to be significant in our univariate analysis, absolute PHE volume remained a significant predictor of poor outcome only in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) volumes ≤30 cm(3) (OR 1.123, 95% CI 1.021 to 1.273, p=0.034). An increase in absolute PHE volume of 10 cm(3) in these patients was found to increase the odds of poor outcome on discharge by a factor of 3.19. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest that the effect of absolute PHE volume on functional outcome following ICH is dependent on haematoma size, with only patients with smaller haemorrhages exhibiting poorer outcome with worse PHE. Further studies are needed to define the precise role of PHE in driving outcome following ICH.

Microscopic indocyanine green videoangiography (mICG-VA) has gained wide acceptance during intracranial aneurysm surgery by lowering rates of incomplete clipping and occlusion of surrounding vessels. However, mICG-VA images are limited to the microscopic view and some deeper areas, including the aneurysm sac/neck posterior side, cannot be efficiently assessed as they are hidden by the aneurysm, clips, or surrounding structures. Contrarily, endoscopes allow a wider area of visualization, but neurosurgical endoscopes to date only provided visual data. We describe the first application of endoscope ICG-integrated technology (eICG) applied in an initial case of anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipping. This new technique provided also relevant information regarding aneurysm occlusion and patency of parent and branching vessels and small perforating arteries. eICG-VA provided additional information compared to mICG-VA by magnifying areas of interest and improving the ability to view less accessible regions, especially posterior to the aneurysm clip. Obtaining eICG sequences required currently the microscope to be moved away from the operating field. eICG-VA was only recorded under infrared illumination which prevented tissue handling, but white-infrared light views could be interchanged instantaneously. Further development of angled endoscopes integrating the ICG technology and dedicated filters blocking the microscopic light could improve visualization capacities even further. In conclusion, as a result of its ability to reveal structures around corners, the eICG-VA technology could be beneficial when used in combination with mICG-VA to visualize and confirm vessel patency in areas that were previously hidden from the microscope.

The most deadly form of stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) continues to puzzle researchers and produce substantial decrements in the quality of patients' lives. Intensive basic research has devised many agents with putative benefit in mitigating the devastating effects of ICH, but these therapies have been largely ineffective in the transition to clinical trials. However, a steady translational pipeline continues to provide new avenues of treatment that may be effective in the management of this condition. In this review, we aim to summarize the array of neuroprotective clinical trials and techniques used in the history of ICH, and delineate the progression of relevant research to date. Furthermore, we provide insight into methods that may allow for better translation of basic science advances into productive clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the predictive ability of the original ICH Score (oICH) in a large independent cohort of patients with arteriovenous malformation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (AVM-ICH), an important cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) that is associated with significantly different epidemiology, clinical course, and outcome compared with primary ICH. METHODS:During the period 1997-2009, 91 patients were admitted to Columbia Medical Center with acute AVM-ICH. Demographic and admission clinical and radiographic variables were obtained for 84 patients through retrospective chart review. Admission oICH and Spetzler-Martin grading scale (SMGS) were calculated. Outcome was assessed at 3 months using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Maximum Youden Indices were used to identify cutoffs for age and ICH volume that are associated with optimal predictive accuracy for an unfavorable outcome (mRS ≥ 3). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the predictive performance of oICH, and oICH with new age and ICH cutoff points (new AVM-ICH score based on original ICH Score [AVM-oICH]). RESULTS:The mean age was 35 years ± 14, and mean ICH volume was 22 mL ± 20. At 3-month follow-up, 3 (4%) patients were dead, and 15 (18%) had an unfavorable outcome. Two of the patients who died had oICH of 3, and one had oICH of 5. ICH volume of 37 mL and age of 41 years were identified as optimal cutoffs for predicting an unfavorable outcome. oICH and AVM-oICH showed good predictive accuracies with area under the curve of 0.914 and 0.891 (P = 0.422). AVM-oICH and oICH had similarly high sensitivities (0.889 and 0.944; P = 1.00), but the former had significantly greater specificity (0.879 vs. 0.682; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:oICH is a valid clinical grading scale with high predictive accuracy for functional outcome after AVM-ICH. It is unclear whether the score is appropriate for risk stratification with regard to mortality because of the low risk of death associated with AVM-ICH. Simple adjustments of the age and ICH volume cutoff points improve performance of the score and reduce the probability of overestimating a patient's risk of an unfavorable outcome after AVM-ICH.