Faculty Bibliography

Although abundant evidence exists indicating the prevalence of trauma exposure among youth in residential care, few models exist for creating trauma-informed milieu treatment. This article outlines the problem and describes the implementation of Trauma Systems Therapy (TST) in three residential centers. TST is unique in emphasizing youth emotions and behaviors as well as the role a distressed or threatening social environment may play in keeping a traumatized youth in a dysregulated state. This dual emphasis makes TST specifically appropriate to implementation in congregate care, focusing assessment and intervention strategies on both clinical treatment and the functioning of the therapeutic milieu itself. Data are reported on incidents of the use of physical restraint; numbers of disrupted foster care placements following discharge from residential treatment; and scores on psychometric measures of children's functioning and emotion regulation capacity. Knowledge gained through TST implementation in these three residential centers has important implications for developing a model of trauma-informed congregate care.

Memory for related but unpracticed aspects of an event can be impaired by selectively retrieving parts of the same event. This occurs when selective retrieval [within-individual retrieval-induced forgetting (WI-RIF)] is undertaken by individuals and has been extended to social contexts--RIF can be produced in listeners [socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting (SS-RIF)] by a speaker's selective recounting. The effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on WI-RIF and SS-RIF were examined by two experiments. In Experiment 1, combat veterans (with or without PTSD) and non-veteran dyads participated in a RIF paired-associates paradigm adapted for combat-related stimuli. WI-RIF and SS-RIF occurred for combat-related and neutral pairs regardless of group. However, greater WI-RIF and SS-RIF for combat-related words were shown by individuals with PTSD. These findings were replicated by Experiment 2, in which either a combat-related or neutral story was learned by participants, and selective retrieval was embedded in a conversation. That the selective retrieval of trauma-related stimuli leads to enhancement of induced forgetting for individuals with PTSD under certain conditions is suggested by these data.

Introduction: Trauma Systems Therapy (TST) intervention arose out of the recognition that the patient population we served, many of whom were suffering from the aftermath of traumatic stress, were not improving from the traditional approaches we were using. Method: This article summarizes the experience of developing an approach to assessment and treatment called trauma systems therapy (TST), that my colleagues and I have been evaluating and developing over the past 10 years. Results: TST is classified by the National Child Traumatic Stress Network an effective and promising intervention .This work resulted in the writing of the book, Collaborative treatment of traumatized children and teens: The trauma systems therapy approach (Saxe, Ellis, & Kaplow 2006), which is the manual for TST. This book gives details about how and why we developed trauma systems therapy, and is the guide for assessment, treatment and systems implementation using this model. Conclusions: TST makes sense in light of what we know about the neurobiological underpinnings of traumatic stress disorders as well as our understanding of difficulty with emotional regulation. TST is both an effective clinical model for treatment of traumatized children and adolescents, and also an organizational model for the integration of services among agencies that provide treatment to these children.