Faculty Bibliography

Pronator syndrome is a median nerve entrapment neuropathy that can be difficult to diagnose due to its variable presentation and objective findings. Neurolymphomatosis is an uncommon disease in which malignant lymphocytes infiltrate central or peripheral nerve endoneurium and is often missed for prolonged periods prior to diagnosis. We present a rare case of pronator syndrome and anterior interosseous nerve palsy due to neurolymphomatosis that was occult on initial MRI in spite of the presence of a median nerve mass discovered intra-operatively during neurolysis. This case demonstrates the value of ultrasound for the examination of peripheral nerve pathology and illustrates its utility as an adjunct to MRI, in part due to the ability to screen a large region.

BACKGROUND/UNASSIGNED:Perilunate dislocations (PLD) and fracture-dislocations (PLFD) comprise a spectrum of high-energy wrist injuries. The purpose of this review was to review operative strategies for perilunate injuries based on approach and compare outcomes. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:A systematic review of literature on PLD and fracture-dislocations was carried out according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). PubMed and EMBASE databases were queried for literature. Inclusion criteria included English studies reporting clinical or functional outcomes of acute PLD and PLFD. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:Twenty-nine full-text articles (604 PLD and PLFD injuries) were included. The most common method of PLD and PLFD fixation is through an open approach with combined volar and dorsal exposure. There were no differences between approaches with regard to total arc range of motion, grip strength, Mayo Wrist Score, or mean scapholunate angle. Similarly, there was no difference between approaches and postoperative radiographic arthritis or complications. Most patients were able to return to their prior level of function and work. The incidence of postoperative complications ranged from 0% to 22.5%. CONCLUSION/UNASSIGNED:Current evidence shows no difference in postoperative total wrist arc range of motion, grip strength (as compared to contralateral), or Mayo Wrist Score with regard to surgical approach. The most common method of PLD and PLFD fixation in the literature is through an open approach with combined volar and dorsal exposure. There is a large difference in reported rates of radiographic arthritis, although this finding does not appear to correlate with postoperative pain or disability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/UNASSIGNED:I, Systematic Review.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Autologous bone grafts demonstrate osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic properties. Hand surgeons commonly augment surgical fixation with autografts to promote fracture healing. This study compared the intrinsic stem cell-like properties of 2 commonly used autograft sources in hand surgery: the iliac crest and distal radius. METHODS:A total of 9 subjects who received an iliac crest bone graft and distal radius bone graft harvest as a part of the standard care of distal radius malunion or nonunion correction or scaphoid nonunion open reduction and internal fixation were enrolled in the study. Cells were isolated by serial collagenase digestion and subjected to fibroblast colony-forming units, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis assays. The expression levels of genes involved in osteogenesis and adipogenesis were confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS:The cells isolated from the iliac crest bone graft compared with those isolated from the distal radius bone graft demonstrated significantly higher mean fibroblast colony-forming unit efficiency; increased osteogenesis, as measured using alizarin red quantification; increased adipogenesis, as measured using oil red O quantification; and higher expression levels of genes involved in osteogenesis and adipogenesis under the respective differentiation conditions. CONCLUSIONS:The cells isolated from the iliac crest bone graft demonstrated a higher fibroblast colony-forming unit capacity and an increased capability to undergo both osteogenesis and adipogenesis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE/CONCLUSIONS:Limited evidence exists comparing the intrinsic stem cell-like properties of the iliac crest and distal radius despite the widespread use of each source in hand and wrist surgery. The information from this investigation may assist hand and wrist surgeons with the selection of a source of autograft.

INTRODUCTION/UNASSIGNED:The purpose of this study was to describe the outcomes after operative repair of ballistic femoral neck fractures. To better highlight the devastating nature of these injuries, we compared a cohort of ballistic femoral neck fractures to a cohort of young, closed, blunt-injury femoral neck fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). METHODS/UNASSIGNED:Retrospective chart review identified all patients presenting with ballistic femoral neck fractures treated at three academic trauma centers between January 2016 and December 2021, as well as patients aged ≤50 with closed, blunt-injury femoral neck fractures who received ORIF. The primary outcome was failure of ORIF, which includes the diagnosis of non-union, avascular necrosis, conversion to total hip arthroplasty, and conversion to Girdlestone procedure. Additional outcomes included deep infection, postoperative osteoarthritis, and ambulatory status at last follow-up. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:Fourteen ballistic femoral neck fractures and 29 closed blunt injury fractures were identified. Of the ballistic fractures, 7 (50%) patients had a minimum of 1-year follow-up or met the failure criteria. Of the closed fractures, 16 (55%) patients had a minimum of 1-year follow-up or met the failure criteria. Median follow-up was 21 months. 58% of patients with ballistic fractures were active tobacco users. Five of 7 (71%) ballistic fractures failed, all of which involved non-union, whereas 8 of 16 (50%) closed fractures failed (p=0.340). No outcomes were significantly different between cohorts. CONCLUSION/UNASSIGNED:Our results demonstrate that ballistic femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of non-union. Large-scale multicenter studies are necessary to better determine optimal treatment techniques for these fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/UNASSIGNED:Level III. Retrospective cohort study.

Introduction: Open fractures with degloving injuries are commonly managed by serial debridements prior to definitive flap coverage in the United States (US). Some international institutions minimize the number of debridements prior to coverage. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes in patients with open tibia fractures requiring free flap coverage from institutions with differing debridement philosophies. Methods: This was a multi-site retrospective cohort study of patients treated at two US tertiary care facilities (serial debridement cohort) and one in India (early total debridement cohort) with Type IIIB or IIIC open tibia fractures requiring free tissue transfer. The number of debridements prior to flap coverage were recorded and primary outcomes were rates of infection, non-union, and flap failure. Fischer's exact tests were used to compare outcomes between the cohorts. Results: 80 patients were included, 44 from India and 36 from the US. Patients in the serial debridement cohort underwent more debridements prior to flap coverage (mean 3.64 vs 1.84, p < 0.001) and had significantly higher rates of infection and non-union compared to patients in the early total debridement cohort (p < 0.05). There were no differences in rates of flap failure between the cohorts. Conclusions: Patients with open tibia fractures treated at institutions favoring serial debridements underwent more debridements and had higher rates of infection and non-union compared to patients treated at a center favoring early total debridement. Serial debridements may not be necessary prior to flap coverage for open tibia fractures and the current practice should be further investigated.

Surgical release of elbow contracture is associated with injury to structures traversing the elbow. To date, only one other case report has been published describing anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsy that developed immediately after open elbow contracture release and debridement. Here we describe the unique case of a patient that developed AIN palsy 1 week after operation, including magnetic resonance imaging and electrodiagnostic studies, to shed some light on the etiology of this rare complication.

OBJECTIVE:To correlate patient and surgeon specific factors with outcomes after operative management of distal intra-articular tibia fractures. DESIGN/METHODS:Retrospective cohort study. SETTING/METHODS:Three Level 1 tertiary academic trauma centers. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS/METHODS:A consecutive series of 175 patients with OTA/AO 43-C pilon fractures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS/METHODS:Primary outcomes include superficial and deep infection. Secondary outcomes include nonunion, loss of articular reduction, and implant removal. RESULTS:The following patient specific factors correlated with poor surgical outcomes: increased age with superficial infection rate (p<0.05), smoking with rate of nonunion (p<0.05), and Charlson Comorbidity Index with loss of articular reduction(p<0.05). Each additional 10 minutes of operative time over 120 minutes was associated with increased odds of requiring I&D and any treatment for infection. The same linear effect was seen with addition of each fibular plate. The number of approaches, type of approach, use of bone graft, and staging were not associated with infection outcomes. Each additional 10 minutes of operative time over 120 minutes was associated with increased rate of implant removal, as did fibular plating. CONCLUSIONS:While many of the patient-specific factors that negatively impact surgical outcomes for pilon fractures may not be modifiable, surgeon-specific factors need to be carefully examined as these may be addressed. Pilon fracture fixation has evolved to increasingly utilize fragment specific approaches applied with a staged approach. Although the number and type of approaches did not affect outcomes, longer operative time was associated with increased odds of infection while additional fibular plate fixation, was associated with higher odds of both infection and implant removal. Potential benefits of additional fixation should be weighed against operative time and associated risk of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

BACKGROUND/UNASSIGNED:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between timing of nerve repair and the ability to perform a primary nerve repair versus a bridge repair requiring the use of allograft, autograft, or a conduit in lacerated upper extremity peripheral nerve injuries. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:This is a retrospective case-control study of patients who underwent upper extremity nerve repair for lacerated peripheral nerves identified by Current Procedural Terminology codes. Timing of injury and surgery, as well as other information such as demographic information, mechanism of injury, site of injury, and type of nerve repair, was recorded. The odds of a patient requiring bridge repair based on the duration of time between injury and surgery was evaluated using logistic regression. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:A total of 403 nerves in 335 patients (mean age 35.87 ± 15.33 years) were included. In all, 241 nerves were primarily repaired and 162 required bridge repair. Patients requiring bridge repair had a greater duration between injury and surgery compared with patients who underwent primary repair. Furthermore, the nerves requiring bridge repair were associated with a greater gap compared with the nerves repaired primarily. Based on logistic regression, each 1-day increase in duration between injury and surgery was associated with a 3% increase in the odds of requiring bridge repair. CONCLUSIONS/UNASSIGNED:There is no defined critical window to achieve a primary nerve repair following injury. This study demonstrated that nerve injuries requiring bridge repair were associated with a significantly greater delay to surgery.

BACKGROUND/UNASSIGNED:Corticosteroid injection is the mainstay of nonoperative treatment for trigger finger (stenosing tenosynovitis), but despite substantial experience with this treatment, there is minimal available evidence as to the optimal corticosteroid dosing. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of 3 different injection dosages of triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of trigger finger. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:Patients diagnosed with a trigger finger were prospectively enrolled and treated with an initial triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) injection of 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg. Patients were followed longitudinally over a 6-month period. Patients were assessed for duration of clinical response, clinical failure, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores, and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) scores. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:A total of 146 patients (163 trigger fingers) were enrolled over a 26-month period. At 6-month follow-up, injections were still effective (without recurrence, secondary injection, or surgery) in 52% of the 5-mg group, 62% of the 10-mg group, and 79% of the 20-mg group. Visual Analog Scale at final follow-up improved by 2.2 in the 5-mg group, 2.7 in the 10-mg group, and 4.5 in the 20-mg group. The QuickDASH scores at final follow-up improved by 11.8 in the 5-mg group, 21.5 in the 10-mg group, and 28.9 in the 20-mg group. CONCLUSIONS/UNASSIGNED:Minimal evidence exists to guide the optimal dosing of steroid injection in trigger digits. When compared with 5-mg and 10-mg doses, a 20-mg dose was found to have a significantly higher rate of clinical effectiveness at 6-month follow-up. The VAS and QuickDASH scores were not significantly different between the 3 groups.