Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate current availability and needs of simulation training among obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN) residency programs. DESIGN/METHODS:Cross-sectional survey. SETTING/METHODS:Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited OB/GYN residency programs in the United States. PARTICIPANTS/METHODS:Residency program directors, gynecology simulation faculty, obstetrics simulation faculty, and fourth-year residents. RESULTS:Of 673 invited participants, 251 (37.3%) completed the survey. Among the survey responses, OB procedures were more broadly represented compared to the GYN procedures for simulation teaching: 8 (50%) of 16 OB procedures versus 4 (18.2%) of 22 GYN procedures had simulation teaching. Among the simulated procedures, a majority of residents and faculty reported that simulation teaching was available for operative vaginal delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, shoulder dystocia, perineal laceration repair, conventional laparoscopic procedures, and robotic surgery. There were significant differences between residents and faculty perceptions regarding the availability and needs of simulated procedures with a minority of residents having knowledge of Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (47.2%) and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (27.8%) simulation tools compared to the majority of faculty (84.7% and 72.1%, respectively). More than 80% of trainees and faculty reported they felt the average graduating resident could perform vaginal, laparoscopic, and abdominal hysterectomies independently. CONCLUSIONS:Simulation is now widely available for both gynecologic and obstetric procedures, but there remains tremendous heterogeneity between programs and the perceptions of residents, program directors, and faculty. The variations in simulation training and readiness for performing different procedures following residency support the need for objective, validated assessments of actual performance to better guide resident learning and faculty teaching efforts.

This multidisciplinary consensus update aligns prior Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) guidelines on simple adnexal cysts with recent large studies showing exceptionally low risk of cancer associated with simple adnexal cysts. Most small simple cysts do not require follow-up. For larger simple cysts or less well-characterized cysts, follow-up or second opinion US help to ensure that solid elements are not missed and are also useful for assessing growth of benign tumors. In postmenopausal women, reporting of simple cysts greater than 1 cm should be done to document their presence in the medical record, but such findings are common and follow-up is recommended only for simple cysts greater than 3-5 cm, with the higher 5-cm threshold reserved for simple cysts with excellent imaging characterization and documentation. For simple cysts in premenopausal women, these thresholds are 3 cm for reporting and greater than 5-7 cm for follow-up imaging. If a cyst is at least 10%-15% smaller at any time, then further follow-up is unnecessary. Stable simple cysts at initial follow-up may benefit from a follow-up at 2 years due to measurement variability that could mask growth. Simple cysts that grow are likely cystadenomas. If a previously suspected simple cyst demonstrates papillary projections or solid areas at follow-up, then the cyst should be described by using standardized terminology. These updated SRU consensus recommendations apply to asymptomatic patients and to those whose symptoms are not clearly attributable to the cyst. These recommendations can reassure physicians and patients regarding the benign nature of simple adnexal cysts after a diagnostic-quality US examination that allows for confident diagnosis of a simple cyst. Patients will benefit from less costly follow-up, less anxiety related to these simple cysts, and less surgery for benign lesions.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW:This review highlights the complexity of caring for gynecologic patients who refuse blood transfusion and discusses the importance of early, targeted perioperative and intraoperative medical optimization. We review alternative interventions and the importance of medical management to minimize blood loss and maximize hematopoiesis, particularly in gynecologic patients who may have significant uterine bleeding. The review also focuses on intraoperative interventions and surgical techniques to prevent and control surgical blood loss. RECENT FINDINGS:With improvements in surgical technique, greater availability of minimally invasive surgery, and increased use of preop UAE and cell salvage, definitive surgical management can be safely performed. New technologies have been developed that allow for safer surgeries or alternatives to traditional surgical procedures. Many medical therapies have been shown to decrease blood loss and improve surgical outcomes. Nonsurgical interventions have also been developed for use as adjuncts or alternatives to surgery. SUMMARY:The care of a patient who declines blood transfusion may be complex, but gynecologic surgeons can safely and successfully offer a wide variety of therapies depending on the patient's goals and needs. Medical management should be implemented early. A multidisciplinary team should be mobilized to provide comprehensive and patient-centered care.

OBJECTIVE:To characterize long-term national trends in surgical approach for hysterectomy after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warning against power morcellation for laparoscopic specimen removal. METHODS:This was a descriptive study using data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 2012 to 2016. We identified hysterectomies using Current Procedural Terminology codes. We used an interrupted time-series analysis to evaluate abdominal and supracervical hysterectomy trends surrounding The Wall Street Journal article first reporting morcellation safety concerns and the FDA safety communication. We compared categorical and continuous variables using χ, t, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. RESULTS:We identified 179,950 hysterectomies; laparoscopy was the most common mode of hysterectomy in every quarter. Before The Wall Street Journal article, there was no significant change in proportion of abdominal hysterectomies (0.3% decrease/quarter, P=.14). After The Wall Street Journal article, use of abdominal hysterectomy increased 1.1% per quarter for two quarters through the FDA warning (P<.001), plateaued for three quarters until March 2015 (P=.65), then decreased by 0.8% per quarter through 2016 (P<.001). Supracervical hysterectomy volume continuously decreased after the FDA warning (1.0% decrease per quarter, P<.001) and after three quarters (0.7% decrease per quarter, P=.01), then plateaued from April 2015 through 2016 (0.05% decrease per quarter, P=.40). Mode of supracervical hysterectomy was unchanged from 2012 to 2013 (P=.43), followed by two quarters of significant increase in proportion of supracervical abdominal hysterectomies (11.7%/quarter, P<.001). This change in mode of supracervical hysterectomy then plateaued through 2016 (P=.06). CONCLUSION:Despite early studies suggesting that minimally invasive hysterectomy decreased in response to safety concerns regarding power morcellation, we found that this effect reversed 1 year after the FDA safety communication. However, there was a sustained decline in supracervical hysterectomy, and the remaining supracervical hysterectomies were more likely to be performed using laparotomy.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the leading cause of preventable healthcare-related death after surgery. Although there is a large body of research on VTE in the general population as well as risk-assessment tools, evidence specific to the current practices in gynecologic surgery is more sparse. This review article seeks to discuss current literature on VTE in gynecologic surgery, with a focus on minimally invasive surgery. Evidence on risk factors for VTE in gynecologic surgery is evaluated as well as current recommendations use of thromboprophylaxis for prevention of VTE. Despite data showing that minimally invasive gynecologic surgery independently decreases risk of VTE compared with laparotomy, current clinical risk assessment tools and guidelines do not incorporate mode of surgery into recommendations for perioperative VTE prevention.

Sterilization is the most common form of contraception used worldwide and is highly effective in preventing unintended pregnancy. Each of the available sterilization methods has unique advantages and disadvantages that influence the choice of approach for each individual patient. Salpingectomy for sterilization has become more popular in recent years, with mounting evidence suggesting a protective effect against ovarian cancers originating in the fallopian tube. At the same time, Essure hysteroscopic sterilization has come under scrutiny because of increasing reports of possible adverse effects associated with its use. Here we review clinical updates in sterilization techniques, with a focus on salpingectomy and Essure hysteroscopic sterilization.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism after gynecologic surgery by mode of incision. METHODS:We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent gynecologic surgery from May 2006 to June 2015 at two tertiary care academic hospitals in Massachusetts. Billing and diagnosis codes were used to identify surgeries and cases of venous thromboembolism. RESULTS:A total of 43,751 surgical encounters among 37,485 individual patients were noted during the study. The overall incidence of venous thromboembolism is 0.2% for all gynecologic surgeries, 0.7% for hysterectomy, and 0.2% for myomectomy. Compared with patients undergoing laparotomy, patients who underwent minimally invasive gynecologic surgery were less likely to develop venous thromboembolism (laparoscopy risk ratio 0.22, 95% CI 0.13-0.37; vaginal surgery risk ratio 0.07, 95% CI 0.04-0.12). This effect persisted when data were adjusted for other known venous thromboembolism risk factors such as age, race, cancer, medical comorbidities, use of pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis, admission status, and surgical time. CONCLUSION:Minimally invasive surgery is associated with a decreased risk of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery, including hysterectomy and myomectomy. Although society guidelines and risk assessment tools do not currently account for mode of surgery when assessing venous thromboembolism risk and recommendations for prevention, there is a small but growing body of evidence in both general and gynecologic surgery literature that surgical approach affects a patient's risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism. Mode of surgery should be considered when assessing venous thromboembolism risk and planning venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for patients undergoing gynecologic surgery.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clarity and usefulness of MRI reporting of uterine fibroids using a structured disease-specific template vs. narrative reporting for planning of fibroid treatment by gynaecologists and interventional radiologists. METHODS:This is a HIPAA-compliant, IRB-approved study with waiver of informed consent. A structured reporting template for fibroid MRIs was developed in collaboration between gynaecologists, interventional and diagnostic radiologists. The study population included 29 consecutive women who underwent myomectomy for fibroids and pelvic MRI prior to implementation of structured reporting, and 42 consecutive women with MRI after implementation of structured reporting. Subjective evaluation (on a scale of 1-10, 0 not helpful; 10 extremely helpful) and objective evaluation for the presence of 19 key features were performed. RESULTS:More key features were absent in the narrative reports 7.3 ± 2.5 (range 3-12) than in structured reports 1.2 ± 1.5 (range 1-7), (p < 0.0001). Compared to narrative reports, gynaecologists and radiologists deemed structured reports both more helpful for surgical planning (p < 0.0001) (gynaecologists: 8.5 ± 1.2 vs. 5.7 ± 2.2; radiologists: 9.6 ± 0.6 vs. 6.0 ± 2.9) and easier to understand (p < 0.0001) (gynaecologists: 8.9 ± 1.1 vs. 5.8 ± 1.9; radiologists: 9.4 ± 1.3 vs. 6.3 ± 1.8). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Structured fibroid MRI reports miss fewer key features than narrative reports. Moreover, structured reports were described as more helpful for treatment planning and easier to understand. KEY POINTS/CONCLUSIONS:• Structured reports missed only 1.2 ± 1.5 out of 19 key features, as compared to narrative reports that missed 7.3 ± 2.5 key features for planning of fibroid treatment. • Structured reports were more helpful and easier to understand by clinicians. • Structured template can provide essential information for fibroids treatment planning.

STUDY OBJECTIVE:To describe the procedures performed, intra-abdominal findings, and surgical pathology in a cohort of women with premenopausal breast cancer who underwent oopherectomy. DESIGN:Multicenter retrospective chart review (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). SETTING:Nine US academic medical centers participating in the Fellows' Pelvic Research Network (FPRN). PATIENTS:One hundred twenty-seven women with premenopausal breast cancer undergoing oophorectomy between January 2013 and March 2016. INTERVENTION:Surgical castration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:The mean patient age was 45.8 years. Fourteen patients (11%) carried a BRCA mutations, and 22 (17%) carried another germline or acquired mutation, including multiple variants of uncertain significance. There was wide variation in surgical approach. Sixty-five patients (51%) underwent pelvic washings, and 43 (35%) underwent concurrent hysterectomy. Other concomitant procedures included midurethral sling placement, appendectomy, and hysteroscopy. Three patients experienced complications (transfusion, wound cellulitis, and vaginal cuff dehiscence). Thirteen patients (10%) had ovarian pathology detected on analysis of the surgical specimen, including metastatic tumor, serous cystadenomas, endometriomas, and Brenner tumor. Eight patients (6%) had Fallopian tube pathology, including 3 serous tubal intraepithelial cancers. Among the 44 uterine specimens, 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma and 1 multifocal endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia were noted. Regarding the entire study population, the number of patients meeting our study criteria and seen by gynecologic surgeons in the FPRN for oophorectomy increased by nearly 400% from 2013 to 2015. CONCLUSION:Since publication of the Suppression of Ovarian Function Trial data, bilateral oophorectomy has been recommended for some women with premenopausal breast cancer to facilitate breast cancer treatment with aromatase inhibitors. These women may be at elevated risk for occult abdominal pathology compared with the general population. Gynecologic surgeons often perform castration oophorectomy in patients with breast cancer as an increasing number of oncologists are using aromatase inhibitors to treat premenopausal breast cancer. Our data suggest that other abdominal/pelvic cancers, precancerous conditions, and previously unrecognized metastatic disease are not uncommon findings in this patient population. Gynecologists serving this patient population may consider a careful abdominal survey, pelvic washings, endometrial sampling, and serial sectioning of fallopian tube specimens for a thorough evaluation.