Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND:Older trauma patients have increased risk of adverse in-hospital outcomes. We previously demonstrated that low preinjury Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) independently predicted poor discharge outcomes. We hypothesized that low PPS would predict long-term outcomes in older trauma patients. METHODS:Prospective observational study of trauma patients aged ≥55 years admitted between July 2016 and April 2018. Preinjury PPS was assessed at admission; low PPS was defined as 70 or less. Primary outcomes were mortality and functional outcomes, measured by Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE), at discharge and 6 months. Poor functional outcomes were defined as GOSE score of 4 or less. Secondary outcomes were patient-reported outcomes at 6 months: EuroQol-5D and 36-Item Short Form Survey. Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) were obtained for each primary outcome using multivariable modified Poisson regression, adjusting for PPS, age, race/ethnicity, sex, and injury severity. RESULTS:In-hospital data were available for 516 patients; mean age was 70 years and median Injury Severity Score was 13. Thirty percent had low PPS. Six percent (n = 32) died in the hospital, and half of the survivors (n = 248) had severe disability at discharge. Low PPS predicted hospital mortality (aRR, 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-5.3) and poor outcomes at discharge (aRR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.7-2.3). Six-month data were available for 176 (87%) of 203 patients who were due for follow-up. Functional outcomes improved in 64% at 6 months. However, 63% had moderate to severe pain, and 42% moderate to severe anxiety/depression. Mean GOSE improved less over time in low PPS patients (7% vs. 24%; p < 0.01). Low PPS predicted poor functional outcomes at 6 months (aRR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.8-5.3) while age and Injury Severity Score did not. CONCLUSION:Preinjury PPS predicts mortality and poor outcomes at discharge and 6 months. Despite improvement in function, persistent pain and anxiety/depression were common. Low PPS patients fail to improve over time compared to high PPS patients. Preinjury PPS can be used on admission for prognostication of short- and long-term outcomes and is a potential trigger for palliative care in older trauma patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Prognostic study, Therapeutic level IV.

BACKGROUND:Despite an aging population and increasing number of geriatric trauma patients annually, gaps in our understanding of best practices for geriatric trauma patients persist. We know that trauma center care improves outcomes for injured patients generally, and palliative care processes can improve outcomes for disease-specific conditions, and our goal was to determine effectiveness of these interventions on outcomes for geriatric trauma patients. METHODS:A priori questions were created regarding outcomes for patients 65 years or older with respect to care at trauma centers versus nontrauma centers and use of routine palliative care processes. A query of MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE was performed. Letters to the editor, case reports, book chapters, and review articles were excluded. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology was used to perform a systematic review and create recommendations. RESULTS:We reviewed seven articles relevant to trauma center care and nine articles reporting results on palliative care processes as they related to geriatric trauma patients. Given data quality and limitations, we conditionally recommend trauma center care for the severely injured geriatric trauma patients but are unable to make a recommendation on the question of routine palliative care processes for geriatric trauma patients. CONCLUSIONS:As our older adult population increases, injured geriatric patients will continue to pose challenges for care, such as comorbidities or frailty. We found that trauma center care was associated with improved outcomes for geriatric trauma patients in most studies and that utilization of early palliative care consultations was generally associated with improved secondary outcomes, such as length of stay; however, inconsistency and imprecision prevented us from making a clear recommendation for this question. As caregivers, we should ensure adequate support for trauma systems and palliative care processes in our institutions and communities and continue to support robust research to study these and other aspects of geriatric trauma. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Systematic review/guideline, level III.

BACKGROUND:Elderly patients presenting with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) often have comorbidities that increase risk of thromboembolic (TE) disease and recurrent TBI. A significant number are on anticoagulant therapy at the time of injury and studies suggest that continuing anticoagulation can prevent TE events. Understanding bleeding, recurrent TBI, and TE risk after TBI can help to guide therapy. Our objectives were to 1) evaluate the incidence of bleeding, recurrent TBI, and TE events after an initial TBI in older adults and 2) identify which factors contribute to this risk. METHODS:Retrospective analysis of Medicare claims between May 30, 2006 and December 31, 2009 for patients hospitalized with TBI was performed. We defined TBI for the index admission, and hemorrhage (gastrointestinal bleeding or hemorrhagic stroke), recurrent TBI, and TE events (stroke, myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism) over the following year using ICD-9 codes. Unadjusted incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Risk factors of these events were identified using logistic regression. RESULTS:Among beneficiaries hospitalized with TBI, incidence of TE events (58.6 events/1000 person-years; 95% CI 56.2, 60.8) was significantly higher than bleeding (23.6 events/1000 person-years; 95% CI 22.2, 25.1) and recurrent TBI events (26.0 events/1000 person-years; 95% CI 24.5, 27.6). Several common factors predisposed to bleeding, recurrent TBI, and TE outcomes. CONCLUSIONS:Among Medicare patients hospitalized with TBI, the incidence of TE was significantly higher than that of bleeding or recurrent TBI. Specific risk factors of bleeding and TE events were identified which may guide care of older adults after TBI.

BACKGROUND:Few patients with dysphagia because of stroke receive early palliative care (PC) to align treatment goals with their values, as called for by practice guidelines, particularly before enteral access procedures for artificial nutrition. MEASURES:To increase documented goals of care (GOC) discussions among acute stroke patients before feeding gastrostomy tube placement. INTERVENTION:We undertook a rapid-cycle continuous quality improvement process with interdisciplinary planning, implementation, and performance review to operationalize an upstream trigger for PC referral prompted by the speech and language pathology evaluation. OUTCOMES:During a six-month period, 21 patients underwent gastrostomy tube placement; 52% had preprocedure GOC discussions postintervention, with the rate of compliance increasing steadily from 13% (11/87, preintervention) to 100% (2/2) in the final two months. CONCLUSIONS/LESSONS LEARNED:We effectively increased documented GOC discussions before feeding gastrostomy tube placement among stroke patients. Systems-based tools and education will enhance this upstream trigger model to ensure early PC for stroke patients.

BACKGROUND:Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations are associated with all-cause readmission rates of approximately 15%. In attempts to reduce readmission rates, the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program expanded to include CABG operations in 2015. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a predictive readmission scale that would identify patients at higher risk of readmission after CABG using commonly available administrative data. METHODS:Data of 126,519 patients from California and New York (derivation cohort) and 94,318 patients from Florida and Washington (validation cohort) were abstracted from the State Inpatient Database (2006 to 2011). The readmission after CABG scale was developed to predict 30-day readmission risk and was validated against a separate cohort. RESULTS:Thirty-day CABG readmission rates were 23% in the derivation cohort and 21% in the validation cohort. Predictive factors included older age, female gender (odds ratio [OR], 1.34), African American ethnicity (OR, 1.13), Medicare or Medicaid insurance, and comorbidities, including renal failure (OR, 1.56) and congestive heart failure (OR, 2.82). These were independently predictive of increased readmission rates (p < 0.01). The readmission scale was then created with these preoperative factors. When applied to the validation cohort, it explained 98% of the readmission variability. CONCLUSIONS:The readmission after CABG scale reliably predicts a patient's 30-day CABG readmission risk. By identifying patients at high-risk for readmission before their procedure, risk reduction strategies can be implemented to reduce readmissions and healthcare expenditures.

BACKGROUND:When patients with dementia develop acute surgical abdomen, patients, surrogates, and surgeons need accurate prognostic information to facilitate goal-concordant decision making. Palliative care can assist with communication, symptom management, and family and caregiver support in this population. We aimed to characterize outcomes and patterns of palliative care utilization among patients with dementia, presenting with abdominal surgical emergency. METHOD:We retrospectively queried the National Inpatient Sample for patients aged >50 years with dementia and acute abdominal emergency who were admitted nonelectively 2009-2013, utilizing ICD-9-CM codes for dementia and surgical indication. We characterized outcomes and identified predictors of palliative care utilization. RESULTS:Among 15,209 patients, in-hospital mortality was 10.2%, the nonroutine discharge rate was 67.2%, and 7.5% received palliative care. Patients treated operatively were less likely to receive palliative care than those who did not undergo operation (adjusted OR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.41-0.62). Only 6.4% of patients discharged nonroutinely received palliative care. CONCLUSION:Patients with dementia and acute abdominal emergency have considerable in-hospital mortality, a high frequency of nonroutine discharge, and low palliative care utilization. In this group, we discovered a large gap in palliative care utilization, particularly among those treated operatively and those who are discharged nonroutinely.

BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study is to examine follow-up rates and maturation rates after dialysis access surgery using a fistula-first approach in a county hospital with an indigent population. METHODS:A prospectively maintained dialysis access database was queried for cases performed between August 1, 2009 and September 30, 2011. The follow-up period ended on December 31, 2011. An attempt was made to contact patients who did not have complete follow-up data recorded to the point of fistula maturation for arteriovenous fistulas (AVF). Patients were contacted directly or through their dialysis center. Maturation was defined by successful use of the AVF for hemodialysis for at least 2 weeks for patients who are dialysis dependent or by the clinical assessment of an attending vascular surgeon for those not on dialysis. RESULTS:Two hundred three dialysis access cases were performed. The mean age was 51.4 years. One hundred twenty-six (62%) were male and 175 (86%) were Hispanic. Of these, 194 (95.6%) were AVF. Three AVF were ligated in the postoperative period for steal. Of the remaining 191 AVF, 94 (49%) patients completed their scheduled follow-up appointments. Sixty-six (35%) patients did not come to clinic but were contacted. Twenty-six (14%) patients were completely lost to follow-up and 5 (2.6%) died. Maturation data was obtained on 160 AVF. Of those, 123 (77%) reached maturation with a mean maturation time of 112 ± 99 days (range, 21-483). Twenty patients who completed follow-up underwent at least 1 additional surgical or endovascular procedure in an attempt to achieve maturation. Seventeen (85%) patients who underwent a secondary procedure went on to achieve maturation. There was no significant difference in maturation between the group that completed follow-up and those who were contacted by phone (69 [73%] vs. 54 [81%], P = not significant). CONCLUSIONS:In this indigent population, follow-up does not influence maturation rates of AVF. Despite poor compliance with follow-up in the setting of a public hospital, the maturation rate of an aggressive fistula-first approach is acceptable.