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213


Pes cavus

Chapter by: Schon, Lew; Groth, Adam T
in: Musculoskeletal examination of the foot and ankle : making the complex simple by Hurwitz, Shepard R; Parekh, Selene G (Eds)
Thorofare, NJ : Slack, 2012
pp. ?-?
ISBN: 1556429193
CID: 3803522

Plantar and calcaneocuboid joint pressure after isolated medial column fusion versus medial and lateral column fusion: a biomechanical study

Nadaud, Joshua P; Parks, Brent G; Schon, Lew C
BACKGROUND:We compared forefoot and calcaneocuboid pressure in isolated medial column fusion (1-3 tarsometatarsal fusion) versus medial and lateral column fusion (1-5 tarsometatarsal fusion) in a neutral, inversion, and eversion loading model in stance gait phase. METHODS:Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were cyclically loaded to 720 N at 0.5 Hz for 30 cycles. Plantar and calcaneocuboid joint pressures were measured in neutral, inversion, and eversion in the intact foot, with isolated medial column fusion, and with medial and lateral column fusion. RESULTS:Lateral pressure was higher in the medial and lateral column fusion group than isolated medial column fusion and intact in neutral (55.8 +/- 14.8 versus 46.2 +/- 13.6 and 45.5 +/- 14.8 kPa, respectively) and eversion (80.7 +/- 18.4 versus 61.8 +/- 13.7 and 60.2 +/- 18.2 kPa, respectively) (p < or = 0.001). Calcaneocuboid pressure was higher in medial and lateral column fusion than isolated medial column fusion and intact in neutral (1436.7 +/- 210.6 versus 1073.7 +/- 282.5 and 1084.9 +/- 337.6, respectively; p = 0.001) and inversion (1518.3 +/- 270.5 versus 1310.5 +/- 298.8 and 1237.1 +/- 401.9, respectively; p = 0.02). Using combined position data, calcaneocuboid pressure was significantly higher in the medial and lateral column group than in both other groups. The isolated medial column fusion group did not differ significantly from the intact group in any measurement. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Medial and lateral column fusion significantly increased lateral and calcaneocuboid pressures with loading compared with isolated medial column fusion and the intact state. No difference was observed between isolated medial column fusion and the intact state. CLINICAL RELEVANCE/CONCLUSIONS:It may be advisable to avoid fusing the lateral column in tarsometatarsal arthrodesis if possible to avoid pressure increase in the forefoot and hindfoot.
PMID: 22338957
ISSN: 1071-1007
CID: 3802582

The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Management of Foot and Ankle Conditions

Jia, Xiaofeng; Peters, Paul G.; Schon, Lew
Platelet-rich plasma (PAP) contains growth factors derived from venous blood. Bone marrow concentrate (BMC) is an analogous platelet-rich product that is generated from bone marrow aspirate and might have the added advantage of containing mesenchymal stem cells. The active growth factors are platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. It is probable that a multitude of factors and cells play a role in inducing healing of hard or soft tissues that have been acutely or chronically injured or diseased. PAP can be used alone or in conjunction with surgical reconstruction to achieve better healing of tissues. Our group has treated 634 patients with PRP or BMC for nonunions, malunions, arthritis, malalignments, tendinopathies, tendon ruptures, plantar fasciitis, fractures, or ligament injuries that were performed in a variety of healthy and unhealthy patients. Overall, the results were favorable with very limited morbidity. In general, healing was more complete and rapid compared with historic norms, but failures can still occur. Condition-specific retrospective and prospective studies are underway to further establish the role of PAP in foot and ankle conditions and reconstructions. Oper Tech Sports Med 19:177-184 (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ISI:000295153200008
ISSN: 1060-1872
CID: 3803412

Forefoot tendon transfers

Myers, Stuart H; Schon, Lew C
PMID: 21925362
ISSN: 1558-1934
CID: 3802572

Interdigital neuralgia

Peters, Paul G; Adams, Samuel B; Schon, Lew C
Interdigital neuralgia affects a significant number of individuals, with an average age of presentation in the sixth decade and a 4- to 15-fold increased prevalence in women. Historical descriptions date back to the 19th century. Nonoperative treatment with shoe modifications, metatarsal pads, and injections provides relief for most, but long term, 60% to 70% of patients eventually elect to have surgery. Although excision can be performed through a dorsal or plantar approach, we prefer the dorsal incision to prevent scar formation on the plantar aspect of the foot. Satisfactory results are common but not certain with reports of excellent or good ranging from 51% to 93%.
PMID: 21600450
ISSN: 1558-1934
CID: 3802532

Persistent or recurrent interdigital neuromas

Adams, Samuel B; Peters, Paul G; Schon, Lew C
Recurrent or persistent symptoms following surgical neurectomy for an interdigital neuroma are quite common, because of incorrect initial diagnosis, true neuroma formation, nerve stump adhesions, accessory nerve branches, or an adjacent web space neuroma. The clinical presentation of a recurrent neuroma is similar to the initial presentation. Recurrent symptoms usually occur within the first 12 months after surgery. The physical examination coupled with diagnostic nerve blocks is critical for diagnosis. Conservative therapy, although not particularly effective in treating true recurrent neuromas, may help to alleviate pain. With proper isolation of the instigating neuroma, revision surgical excision can be effective.
PMID: 21600451
ISSN: 1558-1934
CID: 3802542

3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with relevance to clinical staging [Case Report]

Chhabra, Avneesh; Soldatos, Theodoros; Chalian, Majid; Faridian-Aragh, Neda; Fritz, Jan; Fayad, Laura M; Carrino, John A; Schon, Lew
The posterior tibial tendon (PTT) is the most important dynamic stabilizer of the medial ankle and longitudinal arch of the foot. PTT dysfunction is a degenerative disorder of the tendon, which secondarily involves multiple ligaments, joint capsules, fascia, articulations, and bony structures of the ankle, hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. When the tendon progressively attenuates, the patient develops a painful, progressive collapsed flatfoot or pes planovalgus deformity. This comprehensive review illustrates the 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (3T MRI) features of PTT dysfunction. In addition, the reader will gain knowledge of the expected pathologic findings on MRI, as they are related to clinical staging of PTT dysfunction.
PMID: 21459628
ISSN: 1542-2224
CID: 3802512

Lateral process talus fracture in a kayaking injury [Case Report]

Yan, Alan Y; Mesfin, Addisu; Schon, Lew C
PMID: 21469617
ISSN: 1938-2367
CID: 3802522

Periarticular locking plate vs intramedullary nail for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis: a biomechanical investigation

Ohlson, Blake L; Shatby, Meena W; Parks, Brent G; White, Kacey L; Schon, Lew C
Augmented retrograde intramedullary (IM) nail fixation was compared with augmented periarticular locking- plate fixation for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. Specimens in 10 matched pairs were randomly assigned to a fixation construct and loaded cyclically in dorsiflexion. The groups did not differ in initial or final stiffness, load to failure, or construct deformation. No correlation was found between bone mineral density and construct deformation for either group. A humeral locking plate may be a viable alternative to an IM nail for tibiotalocalcaneal fixation in cases not amenable to IM nailing.
PMID: 21720594
ISSN: 1934-3418
CID: 3802552

Interleukins 4 and 13 modulate gene expression and promote proliferation of primary human tenocytes

Courneya, Jean-Paul; Luzina, Irina G; Zeller, Cynthia B; Rasmussen, Jeffrey F; Bocharov, Alexander; Schon, Lew C; Atamas, Sergei P
BACKGROUND:Tendon disorders (tendinopathies) pose serious biomedical and socioeconomic problems. Despite diverse treatment approaches, the best treatment strategy remains unclear. Surgery remains the last resort because of the associated morbidity and inconsistent outcomes. We hypothesized that, similar to fibroblasts in various organs, tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) might be responsive to stimulation with interleukins (ILs), particularly IL-4 and IL-13. These two cytokines share sequence homology, receptor chains and functional effects, including stimulation of fibrogenesis. It is unknown whether tenocytes are responsive to stimulation with IL-4 or IL-13. If true, local use of these cytokines might be used to facilitate tendon repair in patients with tendinopathies or used for tendon tissue-engineering approaches to facilitate tenocyte growth on scaffolds in culture. RESULTS:Tendon tissues that would normally be discarded were obtained during reconstructive surgery procedures performed for clinical indications. Primary tenocytes were derived from Achilles, posterior tibial, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus tendon tissue samples. Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiments revealed that mRNAs for the receptor (R) chains IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2, but not the common gamma-chain were present in all tested tendon tissues and in cultured tenocytes. Levels of IL-13R chain mRNAs were significantly higher than those of IL-4R mRNA. The cultures responded, in a dose-dependent fashion, to stimulation with recombinant human IL-4 or IL-13, by increasing proliferation rates 1.5 to 2.0-fold. The mRNA levels of 84 genes related to cell cycle regulation were measured by RT-qPCR after 6 h and 24 h of activation. The expression levels of several genes, notably CDK6 and CDKN2B changed more than twofold. In contrast to their effects on proliferation, stimulation with IL-4 or IL-13 had little if any effect on the levels of collagen mRNA or protein in cultured primary tenocytes. The mRNA levels of 84 other genes related to extracellular matrix and cell adhesion were also measured by RT-qPCR; expression of only five genes was consistently changed. CONCLUSIONS:Stimulation with IL-4 or IL-13 could be used to facilitate tendon repair in vivo or to aid in tendon tissue engineering, through stimulation of tenocyte proliferation.
PMCID:2893086
PMID: 20537133
ISSN: 1755-1536
CID: 3802502