Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: While past research has shown racial disparities exist in the outcomes and utilization of spine surgery, those studies were often performed on nondisease-specific national databases, which may capture different patient populations and complication rates compared to prospective multicenter databases. PURPOSE: Purpose: 1) Assess racial disparities for enrollment in two prospective multicenter databases (ASD-

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: VBT takes advantage of the Hueter-Volkmann principle, and modulates growth across intervertebral disc spaces with a tensioned tether secured at the lateral aspects of vertebral bodies. Cervical deformity in AIS patients is associated with lower health related quality of life. PSF constructs have been shown to improve cervical deformity, however, to date, these relationships have not been described in patients treated with VBT. PURPOSE: Determine if cervical sagittal alignment parameters following VBT for correction of AIS are similar to what is observed following PSF. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Multi-center retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Patients with AIS that undergo correction surgeries with LIV in the lumbar spine from 2013 to 2021 with pre- and 2-year postop standing full body plain films available. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures: Age, height, weight, BMI, Risser score, LIV and levels instrumented. Radiographic analysis included pre- and postop C2 to C7 sagittal vertical axis (cSVA), cervical lordosis angle (CL), T1 slope and thoracic kyphosis (TK).
METHOD(S): Measures were compared using independent samples t-tests, significance set at p<0.05.
RESULT(S): A total of 99 patients: 49 VBT and 50 fusions. The VBT cohort Lenke class breakdown is 23% 1A, 13% 1C, 31% 3C; 18% 5C, and 15% 6C, while the PSF cohort consisted of 42% 1A, 6% 1B, 2% 2C, 2% 3B, 12% 3C, 2% 5B, 24% 5C, and 10% 6C. There were no significant differences with regard to patient age or number of levels instrumented. Patients included in the VBT cohort had a lower level of bone maturity as defined by Risser class (1.6+/-0.9 vs 2.6+/-1.8, p=0.001). The VBT cohort had higher baseline cSVA (3.4mm+/-1.6 vs -1.0mm+/-3.1, 0.001) and less CL (-0.6degree+/-18.2 vs 11.6degree+/-12.8, p=0.001) than the fusion cohort. No differences in baseline T1 slope or Thoracic Kyphosis was observed. VBT patients also had higher 2-year cSVA (3.4mm+/-1.4 vs -3.7mm+/-2.1, p=0.001) and less CL (-4.0+/-18.5 vs 7.0+/-12.2, p=0.001) compared to fusion patients. The PSF group had a significantly greater correction in cSVA than the VBT group (2.8mm+/-4.0 vs 0mm+/-1.6, p=0.001). Both groups displayed improvement in radiographic parameters of cervical and thoracic alignment including CL (VBT 3.3degreevs 4.3degree, p=0.74), T1 slope (VBT -4.3degreevs -4.9degree, p=0.81) and TK (VBT -6.1degreevs -3.9degree, p=0.47). After PSM for Lenke classification, 66 patients remained: 33 VBT, 33 PSF. The PSF group continued to demonstrate greater improvement in cSVA than the VBT group (3.2mm+/-3.0 vs -0.3+/-1.8, p=0.001.
CONCLUSION(S): VBT and PSF both improve radiographic parameters of cervical alignment in AIS patients; however, PSF showed greater correction of cSVA at 2-year followup. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The durability of adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery is key for cost-effective treatment. Malalignment is one of the main reasons for revision surgery. PURPOSE: To investigate risk factors for loss of correction within the instrumented lumbar spine following ASD surgery. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective cohort study of a prospective database. PATIENT SAMPLE: This study included 321 ASD patients with minimum 3 -year follow-up. OUTCOME MEASURES: L1-S1, L4-S1 and L1-L4 lumbar lordosis.
METHOD(S): A total of 321 patients who underwent fusion of the lumbar spine (=5 levels, LIV S1/ilium) with a revision-free follow-up =3 years were identified. Patients were stratified by the change in PI-LL from 6 weeks to 3 years postop as Maintained vs Loss > 5degree. Those with a loss due to instrumentation failure (broken rod, screw pullout, etc.) were excluded before comparisons. Changes in regional and focal lordosis over time were investigated with repeated measures ANOVA and factor comparison.
RESULT(S): Mean age 64 yrs, BMI 28 kg/m², 80% female. The baseline alignment (PI-LL=21+/-19degree, T1PA=26+/-12degree) was corrected to PI-LL=3+/-13degree, and T1PA=18+/-10degree at 3 yrs (mean 3Y follow-up: 45+/-11m, with 44+/-11 mo between early and late follow-up). Eighty-two patients (25.5%) lost >5degree of PI-LL correction (mean loss 10+/-5degree). After exclusion of patients with instrumentation failure, 52 patients (Loss) with a mean loss of correction of 8.6+/-2.9 were compared to 222 controls with maintained LL correction. Demographics were similar between groups (age: 63 vs 61 p=0.15; Sex: 78.4% F vs 88.5% p=0.10). There were no significant differences in use of osteotomy, 3CO, and IBF between Loss and Maintained LL (all p >0.1). There was no significant difference in number of levels fused (11 vs 12 p=0.39), rod material (CoCr 59.4% vs 58.8% p=0.34), and BMP use (88.7% vs 84.6% p=0.41) but Loss had less supplemental rod use (5.8% vs 23.4% p=0.004). Comparison between Maintained and Loss revealed a similar PI-LL mismatch at pre-op (16.7+/-18.7 vs 20.9+/-18.3 p=0.14) and final postop (1.8+/-12.5 vs 5.1+/-14.5 p=0.11) but a significantly smaller PI-LL for Loss at early postop (0.6+/-12.8 vs -3.5+/-13.7 p=0.41). Distally, Maintained had a significant improvement in L4-S1 lordosis from preop to early postop (p=0.013), with no significant difference from early to final follow-up. In contrast, patients in the Loss group had no difference in L4-S1 from preop to early postop (p=0.14), but showed a significant loss of correction at 3 years (p <0.001). Proximally, significant increase between pre and early postop in L1-L4 (all p <0.001), with Loss and Maintained reaching similar early postop value (p=0.34). However, from early postop to final follow up, Loss showed a significant decrease in proximal lordosis (p <0.001) while Maintained did not (p=0.08), corresponding with a smaller absolute L1-L4 in the Loss cohort at 3 yrs (p=0.002). Screw orientation showed a significant decrease from early to late follow-up between the L1 and S1 screws for Loss (1.3+/-4.1 p=0.031), without any changes across the L4-S1 segment (-0.1+/-2.9 p=0.97).
CONCLUSION(S): Approximately a quarter of patients lose an average of 10degree of their 6-week correction by 3 years. Lordosis is lost proximally through the instrumentation (ie, tulip/shank angle shifts and/or rod bending), but lost distally through bone "settling" through the instrumentation itself. The use of supplemental rods and avoiding sagittal overcorrection may help mitigate this loss. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: While reimbursement is centered on 90-day outcomes, some patients persevere through these short-term, transient complications and manage to still achieve optimal, long-term outcomes. PURPOSE: Assess whether achieving optimal alignment suffering similar perioperative complications compared to suboptimally-aligned peers are inhibited from reaching long-term clinical success and better cost-utility. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective cohort study of a prospective adult spinal deformity (ASD) database. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 1,541 patients. OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost-per-QALY, radiographic realignment, clinical outcomes.
METHOD(S): Operative ASD pts with 2Y data were included. Optimal radiographic outcome was defined by SRS-Schwab low deformity in PI-LL, matched in T1PA and being aligned in PI-based PT at 6 weeks. After stratifying pts based on meeting optimal outcome, multivariate analysis controlling for baseline demographics was used to determine significance for complications and hospital-acquired conditions (HACs; DVT/PE, UTI, deep/superficial infection). Calculated Cost per QALY for each time point by 2Y.
RESULT(S): There were 917 ASD pts included. Regarding approach, 69% posterior approach, 31% combined. Groups: 131 were "optimal" (O) and 786 were "not optimal" (NO). Means comparison tests revealed significant differences in age, BMI, but not gender or frailty. The NO group had fewer osteotomies and a lower Invasiveness Index. Analysis of perioperative complications showed that the O group suffered equivocal perioperative complications (58.0% vs 52.2% in the NO group; p=.173) and rates of HACs (9.0% vs. 8.9%, p=.810). Analysis of long-term complications showed that patients in the NO group suffered more major neurological (p=.015) and major mechanical complications (p=.025), and more reoperations (28.7% vs 19.9%; p=.037). When controlling for baseline deformity, age, BMI and frailty, Optimal Outcome patients more often met Best Clinical Outcome (21.5% vs. 11.7%, p=.002). Cost-utility adjusted analysis with determined no difference in the two groups by 6 weeks and 6 months. However, the O group generated significantly better cost-utility by one year, which maintained lower Costs per QALY (p=.005) at two years in favor of the O group.
CONCLUSION(S): Despite incurring equivocal perioperative complications, patients who met our optimal outcome criteria experienced significantly less mechanical complications and reoperations by 2 years, leading to a better long-term cost-utility overall. Accordingly, a higher, transient perioperative complication profile should not preclude surgical correction and future policy efforts should place more consideration on the long-term for outcome measures in adult spinal deformity surgery. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Previous orthopedic literature has shown that patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are more likely to develop complications in the postoperative period. To date, however, no study has assessed the specific pre- and postoperative risk factors that may contribute to this association for diabetic patients undergoing adult spinal deformity surgery. PURPOSE: Establish relevant risk factors for postoperative complications in a cohort of diabetic patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Single-center retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 138 patients with DM who underwent spinal deformity surgery at a single academic hospital from 2012-2019. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were the development of any post-operative complications. These complications included the development of neurologic complications, urinary complications, cardiac complications, pulmonary complications, venous thromboembolism (VTE) and surgical site infections (SSI).
METHOD(S): This study is a retrospective cohort review of diabetic patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery, with 5 levels fused at a single academic medical center. Patients' age, BMI, levels fused, pre- and postoperative hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (HCT) and preoperative HbA1C were collected. T-test and chi-square analyses were used to compare relevant outcomes. Significance was set to p<0.05.
RESULT(S): A total of 138 patients with DM met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Of these, 50.7% of the total cohort developed a postoperative complication within 90 days of the index surgery. Patients who developed postoperative complications were noted to have significantly lower postoperative Hgb (9.82+/-1.46 g/dL vs 10.72+/-1.76 g/dL, p=0.002) postoperative HCT (28.8+/-3.92% vs 32.60+/-4.61%, p<0.001) and significantly greater number of levels fused (9.49+/-3.74 vs 7.47+/-3.16, p=0.001). Diabetic patients who developed cardiac complications had significantly lower postoperative Hgb (9.47+/-1.50 g/dL vs 10.40+/-1.66 g/dL, p=0.021) and HCT (27.87+/-3.16% vs 31.15+/-4.72%, p=0.003) compared with those who did not. Diabetic patients who developed urinary complications were noted to be older on average (72.56+/-8.20 vs 64.43+/-11.70 years, p=0.043), while patients who developed VTE and pulmonary complications were noted to have significantly higher numbers of levels fused (VTE: 14.00+/-3.61 vs 8.37+/-3.51, p=0.007; PC: 10.82+/-4.14 vs 8.29+/-3.49, p=0.025)Finally, diabetic patients who developed a surgical site infection had significantly lower postoperative HCT (26.74+/-3.27% vs 30.86+/-4.64%, p=0.022) than those who did not. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that postoperative HCT (OR: 0.765 [0.613-1.098], p=0.001) and number of levels fused (OR: 1.243 [1.084-1.425], p=0.002) were predictive of development of any postoperative complication, when controlled for BMI, age, and and postoperative Hgb. Postoperative HCT was an independent predictor of the development of cardiac complications (OR: 0.827 [0.692-0.989], p=0.037) and SSI (OR: 0.709 [0.528-0.952], p=0.022).
CONCLUSION(S): Postoperative HCT is predictive of the development of postoperative complications in general, and more specifically the development of cardiac complications and surgical site infections. Along with blood-glucose and HbA1C, it should be closely monitored perioperatively in diabetic patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Adult spinal deformity (ASD) refers to multiple types of spinal deformity. This study used a prospective multicenter database of patients with "complex" surgical ASD to derive a data-driven classification of different deformity patterns, and assessed if such patterns have distinct clinical outcomes. PURPOSE: Use an AI-based unsupervised approach to identify patterns of ASD. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective analysis of a multi-center prospective database. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 286 patients with complex ASD who underwent surgical correction. OUTCOME MEASURES: Operative decision-making and 30-day adverse events.
METHOD(S): Complex surgical ASD included severe deformity, surgical complexity or advanced age with a multilevel fusion. An unsupervised cluster analysis that allowed for 10% outliers was used to identify different patterns of deformity. Perioperative outcomes of these clusters were then compared using ANOVA, Kustal-Wallis, and Chi-Squared analyses as indicated, with p-value < 0.05 considered significant.
RESULT(S): The Hyper-Kyphosis (Hyper TK, n = 31) group had a mean thoracic kyphosis of 82.6+/-17.6degree, lumbar hyperextension (PI-LL: -20.4+/-14.7degree) and relatively straight coronal curvatures. Hyper-Kyphosis patients were the youngest (mean age 48+/-20 years) and had the lowest disability (mean ODI 32.9+/-17.1) and pain scores (median NRS back 6 IQR 3 to 8, median NRS leg 1 IQR 0 to 4). The Severe Coronal (Coronal, n = 91) group had a mean thoracic Cobb of 44.7+/-17.8degree and a mean thoraco-lumbar Cobb of 57.9+/-16.5degree with preserved global sagittal alignment. Coronal patients had moderate disability (mean ODI 33.5+/-18.8), functional impairment (PCD: 34.4+/-12.3) and pain scores (median NRS back 7 IQR 5 to 8, median NRS leg 4 IQR 0 to 7). The Severe Sagittal (Sev. Sag. n=79) group had a severe spino-pelvic mismatch (42.9+/-12.9degree) and global sagittal deformity (24.3+/-7.9degree). Sev Sag had higher BMIs (28.9+/-5.9), high levels of disability (mean ODI 49.3+/-15.6) and low appearance scores (2.3+/-0.7). Finally, the Moderate Sagittal (Mod. Sag. n=85) group had moderate deformities without distinctive radiographic characteristics, a mean age of 68.8+/-7.8degree, the highest PROMIS pain interference sub-scores (65.2+/-5.8), high levels of disability (mean ODI 47.6+/-15.3) and back pain (NRS back 7 IQR 6 to 9), and poor overall quality of life (mean SRS total 2.8+/-0.6). Thirty-day adverse events were equivalent. Hyper TK and Coronal patients had the longest constructs, but fusion to the pelvis was most common in Mod Sag (89.4%) and Sev Sag (97.5%) deformities. Coronal patients had more osteotomies per case (median 11 IQR 6.5 to 14), longer OR times, and more 30-day implant-related complications (5.5%). Sev Sag and Hyper TK patients were more likely to require a 3-column osteotomy (43% and 32.3%, respectively). Sev Sag deformities were more likely to require interbody implants (29.1%) and operative wound debridement (7.6%). Hyper TK patients had shorter hospital stays.
CONCLUSION(S): AI methodologies identified 4 distinct patient clusters within a large population of surgically treated ASD patients. Each ASD cluster presented with 1) a unique spinal deformity pattern, 2) reported distinct pathognomonic health deficits, 3) received consistent surgical treatment across 11 centers, and 4) had characteristic perioperative complications and hospital stays. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is commonly used to lower blood loss in ASD surgery. Despite widespread use of TXA in ASD surgery, there is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal dosing intraoperatively. PURPOSE: This study aims to assess differences in blood loss and complications between high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose TXA regimens. Complex ASD patients who receive high-dose TXA will have decreased blood loss compared to those who receive low-dose TXA. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective Review. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 265 ASD patients in a multi-center prospective study were retrospectively analyzed. OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood loss (ml), Major Blood Loss (>90th percentile ml), units transfused intraoperatively, units transfused perioperatively.
METHOD(S): Patients were separated into three cohorts by TXA regimen: 1) low-dose patients had =20mg/kg loading dose with =2mg/kg/hr maintenance dose 2) medium-dose patients had 20-50 mg/kg loading dose with 2-5 mg/kg/hr maintenance dose. 3) high-dose patients had =50mg/kg loading dose with =5mg/kg/hr maintenance dose. Major or minor blood loss was defined as above or below the 90th percentile of our cohort respectively. Multivariable analysis controlled for levels fused, BMI, platelets, Hgb, OR time, 3CO, and radiographic alignment.
RESULT(S): Fifty-four (20%) patients received low-dose regimen, 133 (50%) received medium-dose and 80 (30%) received high dose. Mean blood loss was 1,551+/-1,295 ml, intraoperative units RBCs 1.52+/-2, and perioperative units RBCs 2.3+/-2.3. Mean major blood loss was 4,566+/-1,516ml and minor blood loss 1,236+/-755ml. Compared to the low-dose group, patients in the high-dose group had 77.8% decreased odds of major blood loss (OR 0.222; P=0.007), decreased blood loss (Coef. -540.92ml; P=0.019), units transfused intraoperatively (Coef. -.739 units; P < 0.001), and units transfused perioperatively (Coef. -0.328 units; P=0.025). Compared to medium-dose group, the high-dose group had less units transfused intraoperatively (Coef. -.59 units; P < 0.001) and perioperatively (Coef. -.42 units; P < 0.001) with no difference in blood loss. There was no difference between the medium and low dose groups in blood loss or units transfused. There was no association between high-dose TXA regimen and increased rates of DVT, PE, or any medical complication before six weeks. No patients had a seizure.
CONCLUSION(S): In this multicenter prospectively collected database, ASD patients receiving high-dose intraoperative TXA have decreased odds of major blood loss, less RBC transfusions intraoperatively and 540ml less blood loss compared to low dose TXA, without additional risk of seizure or thromboembolic complications. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Several studies have suggested that Hounsfield units (HU) in the spine are associated with increased complications for adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to assess whether there exists a threshold for HU that is associated with increased blood loss following ASD surgery. We hypothesize that HU below thresholds on spinal CT are predictive of increased blood loss during surgery and implant complications within 90 days after surgery for ASD. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective analysis. PATIENT SAMPLE: ASD patients who had HU measured in the spine were identified from a multicenter database. OUTCOME MEASURES: High Intraoperative blood loss and implant complications within 90 days of surgery.
METHOD(S): HU at L1, upper instrumented vertebrae (UIV) and total averages were assessed. Threshold linear regression with Bayesian information criteria was utilized to identify optimal cut-offs for predicting high blood loss (>2100mL, top 25% by volume) or any implant complications within 90 days. Implant complications included loosening, breakage and dislocation of rods or screws. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized controlling for age, gender, comorbidity, osteotomy and levels fused.
RESULT(S): Of 527 patients included, the mean age was 61+/-14. Mean L1 HU was 154.59+/-87, UIV HU was 175.1+/-304, and total average HU was 165+/-168. There were 59 patients with high blood loss (mean 5,026+/-233ml) and 467 with low blood loss (1,331+/-39.5ml). Threshold regression analysis identified that a cut-off of =140.33 was optimal for predicting high blood loss and =99.75 total average HU was optimal for predicting implant complications within 90 days of surgery. On multivariable analysis, L1 HU less than 140 was associated with 1.57x higher odds of high blood loss (P=0.032). Total average HU less than 100 was associated with a 3.6x higher odds of having an implant related failure within 90 days of surgery (P=0.035).
CONCLUSION(S): In this prospective multi-center study, Those with L1 HU=140 had a 1.52x higher odds of high blood loss. Patients with an average HUof =100 have 3.6x higher odds of implant related complication within 90 days of surgery. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Sacralization of L5 is a condition that affects 15% of the population. Because of the increased L5 articulations to the sacrum, it is unclear how pelvic incidence and spinopelvic parameters should be measured. PURPOSE: Determine whether patients with L5 sacralization should be radiographically measured with relation to the L5 or S1 vertebrae. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective analysis. PATIENT SAMPLE: Prospective multicenter adult spinal deformity database. OUTCOME MEASURES: ODI, SF36 PCS, radiographic spinopelvic parameters.
METHOD(S): Linear regression modeling was used to determine normative TPA and PI-LL based on PI and age in a database of asymptomatic subjects. In an adult spinal deformity database, patients with radiographic evidence of L5 sacralization, had PI, LL and TPA measured from the superior endplate S1 and then also from L5. Patients with instrumentation below L4 at baseline were excluded. The differences in TPA and PI-LL from normative were calculated in the sacralization cohort relative to L5 and S1 and correlated to ODI. Patients were grouped based on PI-LL Schwab modifier (0, +, ++) utilizing their L5 PI-LL and S1 PI-LL. Baseline ODI and SF36 PCS were compared across and within groups and their respective SRS Schwab class.
RESULT(S): Among 1,179 ASD patients, 276 (23.4%) had transitional anatomy, 176 with sacralized L5 (14.9%) and 100 (8.48%) with lumbarization of S1. The 176 with sacralized L5 were analyzed. PI (24.5 +/- 11.0 vs 55.7 +/- 12.0, p=0.001), TPA (11.2 +/- 12.0 vs 20.3 +/- 12.5, p=0.001) and PI-LL (0.67 +/- 21.1 vs 11.4 +/- 20.8, p=0.001) measured utilizing the L5 superior endplate were significantly smaller than those who were measured relative to S1. When measured from S1, 76 (43. %) of patients were SRS Schwab 0, 45 (25.6%) were Class +, and 55 (31.3%) were class ++ compared to 124 (70.5%), 22 (12.5%), and 30 (17.0%) measured from L5 respectively. There were significant differences in ODI and PCS as the Schwab grade increased regardless of L5 or S1 measurement. The L5 group had higher PCS functional scores for Schwab 0 and ++ relative to same grades in the S1 group. Offset from normative TPA (0.5 +/- 11.1 vs 9.6 +/- 10.8, p=0.001) and PI-LL (0.67 +/- 21.1 vs 11.4 +/- 20.8, p=0.001) were smaller when measuring from L5. Moreover, S1 measurements were more correlated with disability by ODI (TPA offset from normative, S1: R=0.326 vs L5: R=0.285; PI-LL Offset from normative, S1: R=0.318 vs L5: R=0.274).
CONCLUSION(S): Measuring the PI at L5 in sacralized anatomy results in underestimating the PILL Schwab grade in a percentage of patients and less correlation with HRQLs. Patients with sacralized L5s should have spinopelvic parameters measured relative to S1. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Previous literature has demonstrated the advantages of lateral single position surgery (L-SPS) in the perioperative period; however, 2-year postoperative outcomes of this novel technique have not yet been compared to circumferential anterior-posterior fusion (FLIP) at 2-years postoperatively. PURPOSE: Evaluate the feasibility and safety of L-SPS technique against the conventional FLIP. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Multi-center retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Patients undergoing primary AP (ALIF or LLIF) fusions with bilateral percutaneous pedicle screw fixation between L2-S1 with minimum 2-year followup at three institutions. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures included levels fused, operative time, estimated blood loss and perioperative complications. Radiographic analysis included lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), PI-LL mismatch and segmental lumbar lordosis.
METHOD(S): Patients were grouped as L-SPS if anterior and posterior portions of the procedure were performed in the lateral decubitus position, and FLIP if patients were repositioned from supine or lateral to prone position for the posterior portion of the procedure. Groups were compared in terms of demographics, intraoperative, perioperative and radiological outcomes, complications and reoperations up to 2 years follow-up. Measures were compared using independent samples or paired t-tests and chi-squared analyses with significance set at p<0.05.
RESULT(S): A total of 442 pts met inclusion, including 352 L-SPS and 90 FLIP pts. Significant differences were noted in age (62.4 vs. 56.9; p= < 0.001) and smoking status (7% vs. 16%; p=0.023) between the L-SPS and FLIP groups. No differences between L-SPS and FLIP were noted in gender (57.4% female vs 57.8% female, p=1.000), BMI (30.0kg/m2 vs 29.3kg/m2; p=0.318). No differences were noted in number of levels fused between L-SPS and FLIP (1.45vs 1.50; p=0.533), proportion including ALIF (38% vs 39%; p=0.809), or the proportion of surgeries including L5-S1 (38%vs 31%; p=0.222). Perioperative outcomes: L-SPS demonstrated significantly lower Op time (97.7min vs 297.0 min; p < 0.001), fluoro dose (36.5mGy vs 78.8mGy; p < 0.001), EBL (88.8mL vs 270.0mL; p < 0.001), and LOS (1.91 days vs. 3.61 days; p < 0.001) compared to FLIP. L-SPS also demonstrated significantly fewer post-op complications than FLIP (21.9% vs 34.4%; p=0.013), specifically regarding rates of ileus (0.0% vs 5.6%; p < 0.001). There was no difference in remaining surgical site, neurological, or medical complications between groups. Reoperation: N=no differences in reoperation were noted at 30-day (1.7%L-SPS vs 4.4%FLIP, p=0.125), 90-day (5.1%L-SPS vs 5.6%FLIP, p=0.795) or 2-year follow-up (9.7%L-SPS vs 12.2%FLIP; p=0.441). The most common reason for return to OR was Adjacent Segment Disease, (L-SPS 3.1% vs. FLIP 7.8%; p=0.067). Pseudarthrosis rates were similar between groups (0.0%L-SPS vs. 1.1%FLIP; p=0.204). Radiological Outcomes: no significant differences were noted in rates of radiological fusion (94.3% L-SPS vs 97.8%FLIP; p=0.266) or subsidence (6.9%L-SPS vs 12.2%FLIP; p=0.260). There were no differences noted between L-SPS and FLIP in change in LL from Baseline to 1-year (3.5 vs 2.8; p=0.466) and post-op to 1yr (-0.18 vs -0.51; p=0.777), or in PI-LL from Baseline to 1-year (-3.5 vs -3.2; p=0.835) and from post-op to 1-year (0.71 vs 0.71; 0.998).
CONCLUSION(S): L-SPS improves safety, improves operative efficiency and reduces complications in the perioperative period while maintaining similar efficacy of AP fusion at 2-year followup in treating degenerative lumbar spinal conditions. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS: This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
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