Faculty Bibliography

Lateral condylar fractures constitute 12% to 20% of all pediatric distal humerus fractures. These fractures are easily missed and when not managed appropriately can displace. Missed fracture is a common cause of nonunion and deformity; thus, a high index of suspicion and adequate clinical and radiographic evaluation are required. Displaced fractures are associated with a high rate of nonunion. Nondisplaced fractures or those displaced </=2 mm are managed with cast immobilization and frequent radiographic follow-up. Fractures displaced >2 mm are managed with surgical fixation. Successful outcomes have been reported with closed reduction, open reduction, and arthroscopically assisted techniques. Complications associated with pediatric lateral condylar fracture include cubitus varus, cubitus valgus, fishtail deformity, and tardy ulnar nerve palsy

The use of locking technology has expanded significantly over the last decade. This technology has led to improvements in implant design for fixation in osteoporotic bone and allowed more secure and stable constructs. Locking plates and screws have been helpful in surgical repair of metaphyseal fractures and those with significant comminution and in the elderly. Biomechanically, creating a fixed-angle design leads to stronger constructs and potentially decreases failure rates. The use of this technology must be tempered by awareness of the complications associated with both the technique and implants

OBJECTIVES: : The treatment of fractures of the proximal femur has evolved significantly over recent years. The most recent advance is the proximal femoral locking compression plate (PF-LCP; Synthes, West Chester, PA). We present seven failures of the PF-LCP in an attempt to elicit reasons for the failures so that these pitfalls can be avoided in the future. DESIGN: : Retrospective chart review. SETTING: : Level I trauma centers, tertiary referral hospitals. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: : Ten patients at five institutions. INTERVENTION: : Open reduction and internal fixation with a PF-LCP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: : Failure mode, time until failure, need for further surgery, bony union, or conversion to arthroplasty. RESULTS: : Of the seven cases, two were acute peritrochanteric fractures, one was a periprosthetic fracture at the site of a prior hip fusion, one was an early failure of a compression hip screw, and three were nonunions. The failure mode was implant fracture in four cases and loss of fixation in three cases resulting from varus collapse and implant cutout. Five of seven failures were within the first 3 weeks (average, 12.4 days). The average time to failure for all cases was 37.9 days (range, 5-175 days). The average patient age was 56.7 years (range, 36-72 years). CONCLUSION: : Biomechanical studies have shown the PF-LCP to be stronger or equivalent to other fixation methods for fractures of the femoral neck and subtrochanteric femur fractures. The seven failures in our cases may be partially the result of patient factors as well as technical factors; however, there appears to be a high rate of failure even when surgery is performed by experienced and fellowship-trained traumatologists

Treating intra-articular fractures about the osteoporotic distal humerus poses a significant challenge. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate functional outcomes for distal humeral fractures treated with total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in a nonarthritic elderly population with osteoporosis. We reviewed the records of all women older than age 60 who had undergone surgical treatment for intraarticular distal humerus fractures (Orthopaedic Trauma Association types 13B and 13C) by 1 of 2 surgeons. Demographic and operative data were obtained, charts were reviewed, and patients were asked to have their outcomes evaluated with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and the Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI). Twenty-two patients (23 elbows) were identified, and 2 of these (3 elbows) were excluded. Of the remaining 20 patients, 9 had undergone cemented, semiconstrained TEA as initial treatment, and 11 had undergone ORIF. These 2 groups were compared. Mean follow-up was 14.8 months (range, 6-38 months). There were no significant differences between the TEA and ORIF groups with respect to demographic factors. Final elbow range of motion was 92 degrees flexion-extension arc (arthroplasty group) and 98 degrees (fixation group). Two patients in the arthroplasty group and 2 in the fixation group died. For the remaining patients, mean DASH scores were 30.2 (arthroplasty) and 32.1 (fixation), and mean MEPI scores were 79 (arthroplasty) and 85 (fixation). These differences were not statistically significant. Four TEAs developed radiographic loosening by a mean of 15 months, and 1 of these underwent revision with good outcome. Ten of the 11 fractures in the fixation group healed radiographically; the 1 nonunion with collapse continued to be asymptomatic. Two patients in the fixation group underwent contracture release after union for limited elbow range of motion. Many factors come into play in the treatment of intra-articular distal humerus fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Implant selection must be based on bone quality, expected outcome, and surgeon experience. For these injuries, good outcomes may be obtained with either TEA or ORIF

Before proceeding with treatment, it is necessary to recognize that bony injuries are always associated with soft-tissue disruption and damage. A good soft-tissue envelope is essential to fracture healing and overall extremity function. Injury management begins by recognizing and classifying the injury. Wound debridement with irrigation fluid at low pressure and the administration of antibiotics are essential aspects of treatment. Wound treatment starts with applying dressing material using negative suction and can be guided by the tenets of an algorithm modeled on the reconstructive ladder

A mangled extremity is defined as a limb with injury to three of four systems in the extremity. The decision to salvage or amputate the injured limb has generated much controversy in the literature, with studies to support advantages of each approach. Various scoring systems have proved unreliable in predicting the need for amputation or salvage; however, a recurring theme in the literature is that the key to limb viability seems to be the severity of the soft-tissue injury. Factors such as associated injuries, patient age, and comorbidities (such as diabetes) also should be considered. Attempted limb salvage should be considered only if a patient is hemodynamically stable enough to tolerate the necessary surgical procedures and blood loss associated with limb salvage. For persistently hemodynamically unstable patients and those in extremis, life comes before limb. Recently, the Lower Extremity Assessment Project study attempted to answer the question of whether amputation or limb salvage achieves a better outcome. The study also evaluated other factors, including return-to-work status, impact of the level of and bilaterality of the amputation, and economic cost. There appears to be no significant difference in return to work, functional outcomes, or the cost of treatment (including the prosthesis) between the two groups. A team approach with different specialties, including orthopaedics, plastic surgery, vascular surgery and trauma general surgery, is recommended for treating patients with a mangled extremity.

INTRODUCTION: Wrong-site surgery is defined as an operation conducted at the wrong site, on the wrong person, or resulting in the wrong procedure. Since 1993, more than 2200 wrong-site surgeries have been reported by the National Practitioner Data Base. A 2005 survey reported, 5.6% of replying academy fellows encountered a wrong-site surgery incident. Multiple interventions have been since suggested for prevention of these occurrences by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This institutional review board-approved study was conducted to investigate patient compliance and reliability in marking the surgical site. Two hundred patients undergoing orthopedic surgery who agreed to participate were enrolled at the time of preoperative testing and clearance for surgery. The patients received instructions to mark the surgical site with a 'YES.' Patient data collected included age, sex, procedure type and location, history of previous orthopedic surgeries, workmen's compensation status or motor vehicle collision involvement, employment status, primary language, level of education, presence of depression or toxic habits, and the time between enrollment and day of surgery. RESULTS: We achieved an overall compliance rate of 68.2%. There was no difference with respect to sex, tobacco use or history of depression, level of education or occupation, workmen's compensation, or government insurance status. The mean age of compliant patients was 48.6 years versus 53.3 years for those who did not comply (P = 0.05). About 72% of those who spoke English as a primary language complied, as opposed to 49% in others (P = 0.009). The time between enrollment and surgery was 10.4 days in compliant patients versus 23.1 days in noncompliant patients (P = 0.05). No statistically significant difference was noted with all other variables recorded. In no instance did patients mark the wrong side or make any marks likely to contribute to the wrong operation. CONCLUSIONS: Patient's ability to be involved in this preventative measure is independent of most demographic variables previously thought to be significant. However, in view of the 68.2% compliance, patient involvement in surgical site marking is unreliable and may not help in decreasing the chances of wrong-site surgery

BACKGROUND:: The purpose of this article was to compare clinical and functional outcomes of surgically treated trimalleolar fractures with bimalleolar and unimalleolar ankle fractures. METHODS:: A prospective database was established to enroll all unstable ankle fractures treated operatively at our institution from October 2000 to July 2005. Demographic data on 456 patients, who sustained an unstable fracture of the ankle and were treated surgically, were entered into a database, and the patients were prospectively followed up. Of these 309 patients who had at least 1-year follow-up, 54 patients sustained an ankle fracture with involvement of the posterior malleolus. Two hundred fifty-five patients had an ankle fracture without involvement of the posterior malleolus. Of the 54 posterior malleolus fracture, 20 underwent fixation of the posterior malleolus. All patients were followed up at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery and assessed functionally with Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Scores. RESULTS:: There was no difference in age, sex distribution, or American society of anesthesiologists classification or incidence of diabetes between the two groups. At 1-year follow-up, all patients improved their function and pain status. Using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, patients with posterior malleolus fracture were significantly worse both for total score (p = 0.004) and pain function (p = 0.002). At 2-year follow-up, there was no significant difference in a smaller group of patients (41 patients). Using the Short Form-36, there was a significant difference seen with vitality and social function subgroups at 1 year. Using the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment, there was a significant difference at 1 year for dysfunction index (p = 0.04) for the trimalleolar group. CONCLUSION:: Most patients after unstable ankle fractures treated surgically do well; however, some patients continue to have some pain and dysfunction at 1 year. There was a significant difference in outcomes comparing patients with unstable ankle fractures associated with and without posterior malleolus fractures. The presence of a posterior malleolus fracture may indicate higher energy of injury, and it does seem to result in worse outcomes at 1 year, but this seems to even out over time as was seen at 2-year follow-up in a smaller group of patients