Faculty Bibliography
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453
Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Noncritically Ill Patients with Covid-19
BACKGROUND:Thrombosis and inflammation may contribute to the risk of death and complications among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). We hypothesized that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation may improve outcomes in noncritically ill patients who are hospitalized with Covid-19. METHODS:In this open-label, adaptive, multiplatform, controlled trial, we randomly assigned patients who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and who were not critically ill (which was defined as an absence of critical care-level organ support at enrollment) to receive pragmatically defined regimens of either therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin or usual-care pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. The primary outcome was organ support-free days, evaluated on an ordinal scale that combined in-hospital death (assigned a value of -1) and the number of days free of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support up to day 21 among patients who survived to hospital discharge. This outcome was evaluated with the use of a Bayesian statistical model for all patients and according to the baseline d-dimer level. RESULTS:The trial was stopped when prespecified criteria for the superiority of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation were met. Among 2219 patients in the final analysis, the probability that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation increased organ support-free days as compared with usual-care thromboprophylaxis was 98.6% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.27; 95% credible interval, 1.03 to 1.58). The adjusted absolute between-group difference in survival until hospital discharge without organ support favoring therapeutic-dose anticoagulation was 4.0 percentage points (95% credible interval, 0.5 to 7.2). The final probability of the superiority of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation over usual-care thromboprophylaxis was 97.3% in the high d-dimer cohort, 92.9% in the low d-dimer cohort, and 97.3% in the unknown d-dimer cohort. Major bleeding occurred in 1.9% of the patients receiving therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and in 0.9% of those receiving thromboprophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS:In noncritically ill patients with Covid-19, an initial strategy of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin increased the probability of survival to hospital discharge with reduced use of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support as compared with usual-care thromboprophylaxis. (ATTACC, ACTIV-4a, and REMAP-CAP ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT04372589, NCT04505774, NCT04359277, and NCT02735707.).
PMCID:8362594
PMID: 34351721
ISSN: 1533-4406
CID: 4996262
Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19
BACKGROUND:Thrombosis and inflammation may contribute to morbidity and mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). We hypothesized that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation would improve outcomes in critically ill patients with Covid-19. METHODS:In an open-label, adaptive, multiplatform, randomized clinical trial, critically ill patients with severe Covid-19 were randomly assigned to a pragmatically defined regimen of either therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin or pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis in accordance with local usual care. The primary outcome was organ support-free days, evaluated on an ordinal scale that combined in-hospital death (assigned a value of -1) and the number of days free of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support up to day 21 among patients who survived to hospital discharge. RESULTS:The trial was stopped when the prespecified criterion for futility was met for therapeutic-dose anticoagulation. Data on the primary outcome were available for 1098 patients (534 assigned to therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and 564 assigned to usual-care thromboprophylaxis). The median value for organ support-free days was 1 (interquartile range, -1 to 16) among the patients assigned to therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and was 4 (interquartile range, -1 to 16) among the patients assigned to usual-care thromboprophylaxis (adjusted proportional odds ratio, 0.83; 95% credible interval, 0.67 to 1.03; posterior probability of futility [defined as an odds ratio <1.2], 99.9%). The percentage of patients who survived to hospital discharge was similar in the two groups (62.7% and 64.5%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 0.84; 95% credible interval, 0.64 to 1.11). Major bleeding occurred in 3.8% of the patients assigned to therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and in 2.3% of those assigned to usual-care pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS:In critically ill patients with Covid-19, an initial strategy of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin did not result in a greater probability of survival to hospital discharge or a greater number of days free of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support than did usual-care pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. (REMAP-CAP, ACTIV-4a, and ATTACC ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02735707, NCT04505774, NCT04359277, and NCT04372589.).
PMCID:8362592
PMID: 34351722
ISSN: 1533-4406
CID: 4980752
Perioperative cardiovascular outcomes among older adults undergoing in-hospital noncardiac surgery
BACKGROUND:Older adults undergoing noncardiac surgery have a high risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). This study aims to estimate the magnitude of increased perioperative risk, and examine national trends in perioperative MACE following in-hospital noncardiac surgery in older adults compared to middle-aged adults. DESIGN/METHODS:Time-series analysis of retrospective longitudinal data. SETTING/METHODS:The United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Inpatient Sample (NIS). PARTICIPANTS/METHODS:Hospitalizations for major noncardiac surgery among adults age ≥45 years between January 2004 and December 2014. MEASUREMENTS/METHODS:Inpatient perioperative MACE was defined as a composite of in-hospital death, myocardial infarction (MI), and ischemic stroke. In hospital death was determined from the NIS discharge disposition. MI and ischemic stroke were defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. RESULTS:Of an estimated 55,349,978 surgical hospitalizations, 26,423,039 (47.7%) were for adults age 45-64, 14,231,386 (25.7%) age 65-74, 10,621,029 (19.2%) age 75-84 years, and 4,074,523 (7.4%) age ≥85 years. MACE occurred in 1,601,022 surgical hospitalizations (2.9%). Adults 65-74 (2.8%; aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.14-1.17), 75-84 years (4.5%; aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.28-1.32), and ≥85 years (6.9%; aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.52-1.57) had greater risk of MACE than those 45-64 years (1.7%). From 2004 to 2014, MACE declined among adults 65-74 (3.1-2.5%, p < 0.001), 75-85 years (4.9-3.9%, p < 0.001), and ≥85 years (7.7-6.1%, p < 0.001), but was unchanged for adults age 45-64. Declines in MACE were driven by decreased MI and mortality despite increased stroke. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Older adults accounted for half of hospitalizations, but experienced the majority of MACE. Older adults had greater adjusted odds of MACE than younger individuals. The proportion of perioperative MACE declined over time, despite increases in ischemic stroke. These data highlight risks of noncardiac surgery in older adults that warrant increased attention to improve perioperative outcomes.
PMID: 34176124
ISSN: 1532-5415
CID: 4965592
Microvascular endothelial glycocalyx thickness is associated with brachial artery flow-mediated dilation [Letter]
PMID: 34278881
ISSN: 1477-0377
CID: 4947892
Association of Heart Failure With Outcomes Among Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From EUCLID
Background Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and heart failure (HF) are each independently associated with poor outcomes. Risk factors associated with new-onset HF in patients with primary PAD are unknown. Furthermore, how the presence of HF is associated with outcomes in patients with PAD is unknown. Methods and Results This analysis examined risk relationships of HF on outcomes in patients with symptomatic PAD randomized to ticagrelor or clopidogrel as part of the EUCLID (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Arterial Disease) trial. Patients were stratified based on presence of HF at enrollment. Cox models were used to determine the association of HF with outcomes. A separate Cox model was used to identify risk factors associated with development of HF during follow-up. Patients with PAD and HF had over twice the rate of concomitant coronary artery disease as those without HF. Patients with PAD and HF had significantly increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.13-1.51) and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.19-1.63). In patients with PAD, the presence of HF was associated with significantly less bleeding (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45-0.96). Characteristics associated with HF development included age ≥66 (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18-1.40 per 5 years), diabetes mellitus (HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.41-2.43), and weight (bidirectionally associated, ≥76 kg, HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.93; <76 kg, HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.16). Conclusions Patients with PAD and HF have a high rate of coronary artery disease with a high risk for major adverse cardiovascular events and death. These data support the possible need for aggressive treatment of (recurrent) atherosclerotic disease in PAD, especially patients with HF.
PMID: 34056910
ISSN: 2047-9980
CID: 4916242
Anticoagulation in COVID-19: reaction to the ACTION trial [Comment]
PMID: 34119049
ISSN: 1474-547x
CID: 4912042
Impact of chronic kidney disease on hemoglobin among patients with peripheral artery disease treated with P2Y12 inhibitors: Insights from the EUCLID trial
Patients with chronic kidney disease may develop new or more severe anemia when treated with antiplatelet agents due to blood loss in conjunction with impaired erythropoiesis. Because anemia independently predicts limb amputation and mortality among patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), we evaluated the relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the EUCLID trial in which patients with symptomatic PAD were randomized to ticagrelor or clopidogrel. At baseline, 9025, 1870, and 1000 patients had eGFR ⩾ 60, 45-59, and < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The mean fall in Hb during the trial was 0.46 ± 1.68 g/dL and did not differ by baseline eGFR category, although Hb fall ⩾ 10% was more frequent among patients with lower eGFR (p for trend < 0.0001). On-study treatment with iron, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and/or red blood cell transfusion was reported for 479 (5.3%), 165 (8.8%), and 129 (12.9%) patients in the three eGFR categories, respectively (p for trend < 0.0001). After adjustment for baseline and post-randomization effects, those not receiving anemia treatment had a smaller reduction in Hb from baseline than those receiving anemia treatment (p < 0.0001). Other determinants of Hb reduction included absence of on-study myocardial infarction, coronary or peripheral revascularization, residence outside North America, male sex, and baseline eGFR. We conclude that among patients with PAD treated with P2Y12 inhibitors, lower baseline eGFR was associated with a greater reduction in Hb. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01732822.
PMID: 34082620
ISSN: 1477-0377
CID: 4905822
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS ON THE DURATION AND MAGNITUDE OF LDL-C LOWERING AND MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENT REDUCTION [Meeting Abstract]
Background Mendelian randomization studies suggest that lifelong modest reductions of LDL cholesterol are associated with fewer major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). We explored the relationship between the magnitude of LDL reduction from lipid lowering therapy, the duration of time over which LDL was reduced, and risk of MACE. Methods Randomized controlled trials of guideline-recommended LDL lowering therapy with >1000 participants and >2 year follow-up were systematically identified. Cross products of net LDL reduction and duration of follow-up were calculated. MACE was defined as the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome, revascularization, and stroke as available for each trial. Correlations were performed using the Pearson test. Results A total of 33 RCTs enrolling 249,887 participants with 50-month median follow-up were included. Trials tested statins (n=29), ezetimibe (n=2), and PCSK9 inhibitors (n=2). The cross product of LDL reduction and duration of therapy correlated with the relative risk reduction of MACE (r2=0.15; p=0.03). This association was most robust in secondary prevention trials (r2=0.44; p=0.0003). A significant correlation was not observed between LDL lowering and MACE without the dimension of time. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the intensity and duration of LDL lowering is most strongly correlated with MACE. These findings suggest potential benefit of early initiation of lipid lowering therapy in at risk patients. [Formula presented]
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EMBASE:2011751247
ISSN: 0735-1097
CID: 4884632
AGE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN INCIDENT THROMBOSIS IN PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED WITH COVID 19 [Meeting Abstract]
Background Adults hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are at increased risk for thrombosis. Relationships between age and sex and the incidence and outcomes of thrombosis in COVID-19 are unknown. Methods We included consecutive adults age >=18 years hospitalized with COVID-19 from March 1st to April 17th 2020 at a large New York health system. In-hospital thrombosis and all-cause mortality were determined. The incidence of death and thrombosis were evaluated in subgroups by age and sex. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of an event adjusted for demographics and clinical covariates. Results Among 3334 COVID-19 patients, 61% were men. Men had a higher incidence of thrombosis (19% vs. 12%; aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.30-1.97) and death or thrombosis (23% vs. 25%; aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.41) than women. Sex differences in thrombotic risk were greatest in the youngest individuals and attenuated with older age (18-54 years: aOR 3.89, 95% CI 2.24-7.05; 55-74 years: aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.21-2.41; >=75 years: aOR 1.07, 95% CI 0.74-1.54 for men versus women). In both sexes, COVID-19 with versus without thrombosis was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (43% vs. 21%, p<0.001; aOR 3.21, 95%CI 2.63-3.92). Conclusion Men hospitalized with COVID-19 have a greater risk of thrombosis than women. And sex differences were most pronounced among younger patients. Mechanisms of differential thrombotic risk by sex in COVID-19 are unknown and require further study. [Formula presented]
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EMBASE:2011751334
ISSN: 0735-1097
CID: 4884292
Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021:77(13):1670-1680.DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.009
Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Psoriasis: JACC Review Topic of the Week
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 2% to 3% of the U.S. population. The immune response in psoriasis includes enhanced activation of T cells and myeloid cells, platelet activation, and up-regulation of interferons, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukins (ILs) IL-23, IL-17, and IL-6, which are linked to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis development. Patients with psoriasis are up to 50% more likely to develop cardiovascular disease (CV) disease, and this CV risk increases with skin severity. Major society guidelines now advocate incorporating a psoriasis diagnosis into CV risk prediction and prevention strategies. Although registry data suggest treatment targeting psoriasis skin disease reduces vascular inflammation and coronary plaque burden, and may reduce CV risk, randomized placebo-controlled trials are inconclusive to date. Further studies are required to define traditional CV risk factor goals, the optimal role of lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapy, and targeted psoriasis therapies on CV risk.
PMID: 33795041
ISSN: 1558-3597
CID: 4875532
