Faculty Bibliography

Objective: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), affects approximately 5% of the population, and approximately 30% of affected individuals will die within 30 days of diagnosis. Given the prevalence of VTE and its associated mortality, our study evaluated the success of longitudinal treatment in patients diagnosed with VTE with particular attention to those lost to appropriate follow-up.
Method(s): This is a single-center retrospective study of all consecutive admitted (inpatient [IP]) and emergency department (ED) patients diagnosed with acute VTE by venous duplex ultrasound examination or chest computed tomography from January 2018 to March 2019. Patients with chronic DVT and those diagnosed in the outpatient setting were excluded. Data collected included age, sex, clinical setting at time of diagnosis, discharge anticoagulation choice, discharge disposition, and clinical follow-up. Lost to VTE follow-up (LTFU) was defined as those patients who did not follow up with vascular, cardiovascular, hematology/oncology, pulmonology, or primary care clinic for VTE management at our institution within 3 months after discharge. Patients discharged to hospice were excluded from LTFU analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata 16 software (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Tex) and a threshold P value of <.05 set for significance.
Result(s): During the study period, 291 DVTs (237 lower extremity DVTs, 58 upper extremity DVTs, 4 mixed), 25 isolated PEs, and 55 PEs with associated DVT (53 lower extremity DVTs, 2 upper extremity DVTs) were identified in 371 patients. Of these patients, 130 (35%) were diagnosed in the ED and 241 (65%) in the IP setting. At discharge, 291 (78.4%) were receiving anticoagulation, 64 (17.3%) were not, and 16 (4.3%) were deceased. Ultimately, 133 patients (35.9%) were LTFU, 85% of whom were discharged on anticoagulation. There was no statistically significant difference between those LTFU with respect to age (P =.373), sex (P =.194), diagnosis time of day (P =.272), VTE type (P =.367), or discharge unit location (IP vs ED, 33.7% vs 43.8% LTFU; P =.114); however, there was a statistically significant association between longer IP length of stay and those patients LTFU in controlling for age (11.8 days vs 16.6 days; P =.028).
Conclusion(s): This study demonstrates that more than one-third of patients diagnosed with VTE at our institution are LTFU, suggesting that significant improvement could be achieved by establishing a pathway for the targeted transition of care to a VTE-specific follow-up clinic.
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Objective: Aortic neck dilation (AND) can occur in nearly 25% of patients after EVAR, resulting in loss of proximal seal and aortic rupture. Fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) affords increased treatment options for patients with shorter infrarenal aortic necks; however, AND has not been well characterized in these patients. This study sought to compare AND in patients undergoing FEVAR vs standard endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).
Method(s): Retrospective review was conducted of prospectively collected data of 20 consecutive FEVAR patients (Cook Zenith fenestrated; Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind) and 20 EVAR patients (Cook Zenith). Demographic and anatomic characteristics, procedural details, and clinical outcome were analyzed. Preoperative, 1-month postoperative, and longest follow-up computed tomography scans were analyzed using a dedicated three-dimensional workstation. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) neck diameter was measured in 5-mm increments from the lowest renal artery. Standard statistical analysis was performed.
Result(s): Demographic characteristics did not differ significantly between the two cohorts. The FEVAR group had larger mean aortic diameter at the lowest renal artery, shorter infrarenal aortic neck length, increased prevalence of nonparallel neck shape, and longer AAA length (Table). On follow-up imaging, the suprarenal aortic segment dilated significantly more at all suprarenal locations in the FEVAR cohort, whereas the infrarenal aortic neck segment dilated significantly less compared with the EVAR group (Table). The FEVAR group demonstrated significantly greater sac regression vs the EVAR group. Positive aortic remodeling, as evidenced by increased distance from the celiac axis to the most cephalad margin of the AAA, occurred to a more significant degree in the FEVAR cohort. Device migration, endoleak occurrence, and need for reintervention were similar in both groups.
Conclusion(s): Compared with EVAR, patients undergoing FEVAR had greater extent of suprarenal AND, consistent with a more diseased native proximal aorta. However, the infrarenal neck, which is shorter and also more diseased in FEVAR patients, appears more stable in the postoperative period compared with EVAR cases. Moreover, the FEVAR cohort had significantly greater sac shrinkage and improved aortic remodeling. The suprarenal seal zone in FEVAR may confer a previously undescribed increased level of protection against infrarenal neck dilation and lessen endotension, resulting in more rapid and dramatic sac shrinkage and contributing to a more durable aortic repair. [Formula presented]
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Objective: Whereas clopidogrel is effective at decreasing cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease, a substantial number of events continue to occur. This study investigated the variability in response to clopidogrel and its relationship with clinical outcomes.
Method(s): There were 300 patients enrolled in the Platelet Activity in Vascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Events (PACE) study before lower extremity revascularization, of whom 119 were receiving clopidogrel. Platelet aggregation was measured in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 2M immediately before revascularization. Patients were observed longitudinally for a median follow-up of 18 months. The primary end point was major adverse limb events (MALEs), defined by major amputation or reoperation of the affected limb. Patients were stratified into groups according to the percentage ADP-induced aggregation at 300 seconds (<50% aggregation, normal responder; >=50% aggregation, poor responder).
Result(s): Overall, the median age was 70 years (62-76 years), and 39.5% were female. Thirty-six (30.3%) patients had a MALE event (15 major amputation and 25 major reoperation); 60 patients underwent open or hybrid operations, and 50 patients underwent endovascular procedures. The remaining nine patients had no interventions. Of the group of 119 patients, 97 patients were taking aspirin. Overall, median aggregation to ADP 2M was 22.5% (Q1-Q3, 10%-50%), and 27 patients (26%) were clopidogrel nonresponders. Baseline aggregation was higher in patients who went on to develop a MALE than in those without a MALE (43% vs 20%; P =.018). Patients with aggregation > median (22.5%) were more likely to experience a MALE than were patients with aggregation < median (69% vs 31%; hazard ratio [HR], 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-5.98; P =.013). After multivariable adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and aspirin, aggregation > median was associated with MALEs (adjusted HR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.18-6.01; P =.018). When stratified by established cutoffs for responsiveness to clopidogrel (50% aggregation), 27 (26%) patients were poor responders. Poor responders were more likely to experience MALEs than normal responders (59% vs 41%; HR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.11-4.89; P =.026). After multivariable adjustment, poor responder status trended toward an increased risk of MALE compared with a normal responder (adjusted HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.00-4.78; P =.051).
Conclusion(s): Among patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization, poor response to clopidogrel is associated with increased risk for major adverse limb events. Preoperative screening to ensure therapeutic clopidogrel response should be considered in these patients.
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The novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in January 2020 and has since evolved into a pandemic affecting >200 countries. The severity of presentation is variable and carries a mortality between 1% and 3%. We continue to learn about the virus and the resulting acute respiratory illness and hypercoagulability; however, much remains unknown. In our early experience in a high-volume center, we report a series of four cases of acute peripheral artery ischemia in patients with COVID-19 in the setting of elevated D-dimer levels.

OBJECTIVE/UNASSIGNED:Patients who present acutely with a femoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) diagnosed by ultrasound are often treated with anticoagulation and instructed to follow-up electively. This study sought to assess whether obtaining axial imaging of the central venous system results in the identification of additional iliocaval pathology warranting treatment. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:This study was a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained registry from November 2014 through April 2017 with follow-up through March 2020. Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of femoral DVT diagnosed by ultrasound were evaluated; those who underwent axial imaging of the iliocaval system (Group A) were compared to those who did not undergo imaging of the central veins (Group B). The primary outcome was the performance of any percutaneous central venous intervention. Secondary outcomes included the extent of DVT identified on duplex and after axial imaging, follow-up duplex patency and persistence of severe symptoms. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:Eighty patients presented with an ultrasound diagnosis of a femoral vein DVT. Mean follow-up was 551 ± 502 days. Group A comprised 24 patients (30%) and Group B comprised 56 patients (70%). Baseline demographics did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. After duplex imaging, Group A exhibited an increased prevalence of DVT in the common femoral vein. After central imaging, Group A exhibited an increased prevalence of DVT in the iliocaval veins. The number of patients who underwent invasive treatment differed significantly between the 2 groups, Group A 16/24 (67%) vs. Group B 9/56 (16%), P < 0.0001. The number of patients that demonstrated duplex patency and had persistent symptoms on follow-up did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS/UNASSIGNED:Patients with an ultrasound diagnosis of femoral DVT may have additional iliocaval pathology warranting intervention. Well-selected imaging of the central veins may reveal a more complete picture, potentially altering management.

OBJECTIVE:Active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with considerable risk for thromboembolism; however, arterial thromboembolism is rare and associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Their management requires careful coordination between multiple providers, and as a consequence, much of the published literature is limited to case reports published across specialties. METHODS:We examined our recent institutional experience with aortoiliac, mesenteric and peripheral arterial thromboembolisms in patients with either Crohn's disease or Ulcerative Colitis. To supplement our experience, a comprehensive literature review was performed using MEDLINE and Embase databases from 1966 to 2019. Patient demographics, flare/thromboembolism management and outcomes were abstracted from the selected articles and our case series. RESULTS:Fifty-two patients with IBD, who developed an arterial thromboembolism, were identified (49 from published literature, 3 from our institution). Over 82% of patients presented during an active IBD flare. Surgical intervention was attempted in 77% of patients, which included open thromboembolectomy, catheter-directed thrombolysis or bowel resection. Thromboembolism resolution was achieved in 76% of patients with comparable outcomes with either catheter-directed thrombolysis or open thrombectomy (83.3% vs. 68.2%). Nearly one third of patients underwent small bowel resection or colectomy. In two patients, thromboembolism resolution was achieved only after total abdominal colectomy for severe pancolitis. Multiple thromboembolectomies were associated with higher risk for amputation. Overall mortality was 11.5%, but was greatest for occlusive aortoiliac and mesenteric thromboembolism (14.3%, 57%). All survivors of occlusive SMA thromboembolism suffered short-gut syndrome requiring small bowel transplant. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Patients with IBD, who develop an arterial thromboembolism, can expect overall poor outcomes.. Catheter-directed thrombolysis achieved comparable outcomes to open thromboembolectomy without undue bleeding risk. Total abdominal colectomy for moderate-severe pancolitis is an emerging strategy in the management of refractory arterial thromboembolism. Successful surgical management may include open thromboembolectomy, catheter-directed thrombolysis and bowel resection when indicated.

OBJECTIVE:MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients at our tertiary referral center were identified for inclusion based on a search for the term "penetrating ulcer" in abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging reports between January 2014 and December 2017. Patients' electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed to determine baseline medical characteristics, imaging indication, as well as subsequent clinical course, interventions and outcomes. Aortic diameters and ulcer depths were measured by a single observer on initial and follow-up imaging to assess for association with concomitant aortic pathology, evolving aortic disease, and ulcer progression, defined as increase in depth of ≥ 1mm. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 16 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC), and a threshold p-value of < 0.05 set for significance. RESULTS:Ninety-two patients with PUAA were identified; 57 (62%) were male. The mean age at diagnosis was 79.3 years, and comorbidities included hypertension (74%), hyperlipidemia (65%) and malignancy (34%). The most common indication for imaging was chest, back, or abdominal pain (19%). On initial imaging, mean ulcer depth was 1cm (range from 0.2cm to 3.4cm). Concomitant abdominal aortic dilation ≥ 3cm was found in 34 (37%) patients. Thirty-six (39%) patients had a vascular surgery consultation immediately following radiographic diagnosis. Follow-up axial imaging was performed on 27 (29%) untreated patients. The overall sample's mean ulcer depth remained essentially unchanged from initial measurement (p = .99); however, 14 (52%) patients with follow-up imaging were found to have increased overall aortic diameter. Of the total 92 patients, nine (10%) underwent an endovascular abdominal aortic intervention during the review period: two for symptomatic PUAA and the remainder for progression of concomitant aneurysmal disease. All cause mortality was 5% during mean follow-up period of 21.9 months (range 0 to 72.5 months). Of the patients lost to follow-up, 61% did not receive vascular referral after initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS:PUAA are typically incidental findings identified in elderly, comorbid patients undergoing imaging for an unrelated indication. Though isolated findings of an asymptomatic PUAA rarely require surgical intervention, these patients we argue would benefit from vascular surgery referral for long-term follow-up and interval imaging to assess for disease progression as well as concomitant aortic degeneration, which may necessitate repair. In addition, we observed that the majority of those patients lost to follow-up did not receive vascular consultation, suggesting that lack of involvement of vascular specialists at the time of diagnosis is a missed opportunity to secure appropriate follow-up and management.

OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, durability, and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV) and small saphenous vein (SSV) to treat symptomatic venous reflux in patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation. METHODS:tests, Fisher exact test, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazard modeling. RESULTS:There were 100 procedures performed in 65 patients receiving anticoagulation and 127 procedures in 89 control patients. Mean follow-up time was 467 days. The most common indications for anticoagulation were atrial fibrillation (52%), remote DVT (29%), and mechanical heart valves (8%). Patients receiving anticoagulation were on average older (67 years vs 52 years), were more likely to be male (51% vs 27%), and had higher rates of coronary disease (9% vs 0%) and hypertension (55% vs 20%), although they were more likely to have never smoked (86% vs 69%). There were 127 RFA procedures (56%) and 100 EVLA procedures (44%); 189 procedures treated the GSV or its tributaries (83%), and 38 treated the SSV (17%). At 1 year, the target vessel remained ablated after 96% of procedures performed with anticoagulation and in 99% of controls; at 18 months, rates were 92% vs 95% (P = .96). Rates of persistent ablation did not differ significantly by vessel treated (P = .28), EVLA vs RFA (P = .36), or use of antiplatelet therapy (P = .92). One patient had bleeding from a phlebectomy site 2 days postprocedurally when supratherapeutic on warfarin; this was controlled with pressure. DVT in the ipsilateral leg occurred within 90 days after 1 of 100 (1%) procedures in patients receiving anticoagulation and 2 of 127 (1.6%) procedures in control patients; endothermal heat-induced thrombosis rates were similarly 1 of 100 (1%) procedures in patients receiving anticoagulation and 1 of 127 (0.8%) in control patients. CONCLUSIONS:This is the largest series to date reporting >30-day follow-up for patients undergoing venous ablation procedures while receiving anticoagulation and the longest follow-up reported of any series. Durability, safety, and efficacy of vein ablation in patients receiving anticoagulation are comparable to those in control patients. Anticoagulation should not be considered a contraindication to endothermal ablation of the GSV or SSV for symptomatic venous reflux.

These Society for Vascular Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines describe the care of patients with aneurysms of the visceral arteries. They include evidence-based size thresholds for repair of aneurysms of the renal arteries, splenic artery, celiac artery, and hepatic artery, among others. Specific open surgical and endovascular repair strategies are also discussed. They also describe specific circumstances in which aneurysms may be repaired at smaller sizes than these size thresholds, including in women of childbearing age and false aneurysms. These Guidelines offer important recommendations for the care of patients with aneurysms of the visceral arteries and long-awaited guidance for clinicians who treat these patients.

Objective: In patients deemed high risk for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) who are indicated for treatment of carotid artery stenosis (CAS), transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective alternative to transfemoral CAS. Compared with CEA, in which approximately 12% of patients undergoing awake intervention do not tolerate internal carotid artery clamping, only 1% to 2% of patients were observed to have intolerance to flow reversal during TCAR based on data from the Safety and Efficacy Study for Reverse Flow Used During Carotid Artery Stenting Procedure (ROADSTER) 1 and 2 trials. This study reviewed awake interventions from those trials to assess factors associated with intolerance to flow reversal and to review how those cases were managed.
Method(s): This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from the ROADSTER multicenter trial along with the subsequent postapproval (ROADSTER 2) trial. The subset of patients from both trials undergoing awake TCAR was analyzed to compare demographics, procedural details, and anatomic factors between patients who did and did not experience intolerance to reversal of flow to assess for predisposing factors. Patients were deemed intolerant to flow reversal at the discretion of the operator, often related to changes in completion of neurologic tasks, hemodynamic stability, or patient-reported symptoms.
Result(s): There were 103 patients from ROADSTER and 194 patients from ROADSTER 2 who underwent TCAR under local/regional anesthesia. Of these, eight patients had intolerance to flow reversal, although all cases were successfully completed. Four cases were completed under low-flow reversal, three cases were successfully weaned from low to high flow during several minutes, and one case required general anesthesia. No significant association was found between intolerance to flow reversal and comorbidities including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, prior myocardial infarction or angina, preoperative CAS-related symptoms, prior stroke, prior CAS or CEA, prior neck irradiation, tandem stenosis, high cervical stenosis, or hostile neck (Tables I and II). A trend toward significance was seen with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P =.086) and contralateral carotid artery occlusion (P =.139).
Conclusion(s): Despite intolerance to flow reversal, most cases were successfully completed by adjusting reversal of flow rate and did not require conversion to general endotracheal anesthesia. Whereas factors contributing to intolerance of flow reversal during TCAR remain poorly understood, this study identified a trend toward significance with an association of pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and contralateral carotid artery occlusion. Given the low number of patients who experienced this issue, a larger sample size is required to better elucidate these trends. [Formula presented] [Formula presented]
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