Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate whether weight-loss diets are more effective than regular diets or other antihypertensive therapies in controlling blood pressure and preventing morbidity and mortality in hypertensive adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: MEDLINE and The Cochrane Library were searched through November 1997. Trials known to experts in the field were included through June 1998. SELECTION CRITERIA: For inclusion in the review, trials were required to meet each of the following criteria: 1) randomized controlled trials with one group assigned to a weight-loss diet and the other group assigned to either normal diet or antihypertensive therapy; 2) ambulatory adults with a mean blood pressure of at least 140 mm Hg systolic and/or 90 mm Hg diastolic; 3) active intervention consisting of a calorie-restricted diet intended to produce weight loss (excluded studies simultaneously implementing multiple lifestyle interventions where the effects of weight loss could not be disaggregated); and 4) outcome measures included weight loss and blood pressure. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were dual abstracted by two independent reviewers using a standardized form designed specifically for this review. The primary mode of analysis was qualitative; graphs of effect sizes for individual studies were also used. MAIN RESULTS: Eighteen trials were found. Only one small study of inadequate power reported morbidity and mortality outcomes. None addressed quality of life or general well being issues. In general, participants assigned to weight-reduction groups lost weight compared to control groups. Six trials involving 361 participants assessed a weight-reducing diet versus a normal diet. The data suggested weight loss in the range of 4% to 8% of body weight was associated with a decrease in blood pressure in the range of 3 mm Hg systolic and diastolic. Three trials involving 363 participants assessed a weight-reducing diet versus treatment with antihypertensive medications. These suggested that a stepped-care approach with antihypertensive medications produced greater decreases in blood pressure (in the range of 6/5 mm Hg systolic/diastolic) than did a weight-loss diet. Trials that allowed adjustment of participants' antihypertensive regimens suggested that patients required less intensive antihypertensive drug therapy if they followed a weight-reducing diet. Data was insufficient to determine the relative efficacy of weight-reduction versus changes in sodium or potassium intake or exercise. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Weight-reducing diets in overweight hypertensive persons can affect modest weight loss in the range of 3-9% of body weight and are probably associated with modest blood pressure decreases of roughly 3 mm Hg systolic and diastolic. Weight-reducing diets may decrease dosage requirements of persons taking antihypertensive medications.

Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a fibrotic lung disease involving the small conducting airways. BO may be classified by etiology and underlying disease or, more commonly, by histopathological pattern. The two major histopathological categories are (1) BO organizing pneumonia (BOOP) and proliferative bronchiolitis and (2) constrictive bronchiolitis. The former is often idiopathic in nature and may also be associated with connective tissue diseases and inhalation injury. Characteristic findings on chest imaging include alveolar infiltrates and ground glass opacities and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) usually reveal restrictive dysfunction. Constrictive bronchiolitis is associated with organ transplantation, infections, connective tissue diseases, inhalation injury, and drugs and may also have an idiopathic origin. The radiographic characteristic is a mosaic pattern on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and PFTs most often reveal obstructive dysfunction. This article will attempt to review constrictive BO, including histopathology, clinical presentation, radiographic appearance, and physiological findings, for both idiopathic diseases, as well as specific clinical-associated entities.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The incidence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) has been reported to range from 6.4 to 20% in lung transplant (LT) recipients. Postulated contributing factors include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and the use of immunosuppression, particularly muromonab-CD3 (OKT3)(Orthoclone OKT-3; Ortho Biotech; Raritan, NJ). We sought to examine these PTLD risk factors in 109 LT recipients at our institution who survived > 1 month. DESIGN: Retrospective review of EBV serology of all LT recipients at our institution. Our standard transplant protocol includes OKT3 for induction and refractory rejection, as well as lifelong acyclovir for herpes prophylaxis. We do not perform EBV donor-recipient matching. SETTING: A university-based LT center. RESULTS: We found that 5 of 109 patients were serologically negative for EBV prior to lung transplantation, and all of these patients converted following lung transplantation. The mean time to conversion was 151 days (range, 11 to 365 days). One fatal case of PTLD was documented in an EBV seroconverter (one of five patients) 12 weeks status posttransplantation for lymphangioleiomyomatosis. One nonfatal extrathoracic PTLD was documented in a seropositive patient (1 of 104 patients) 33 months posttransplantation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude the following: (1) PTLD in LT recipients may have a lower incidence (2 of 109 patients; 1.8%) than previously reported, despite an aggressive immunosuppressive regimen; and (2) the incidence of PTLD is higher in patients with primary EBV infection (20% vs 1%).