Faculty Bibliography

PURPOSE: To compare the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, nafarelin, in initiating ovulation and supporting the luteal phase after priming with clomiphene. METHODS: In 26 infertile women 50 mg clomiphene citrate produced a preovulatory-size follicle. Then, 11 women were randomized to receive two 400-micrograms doses of nafarelin intranasally 16 h apart, and 15 women were injected intramuscularly with 5000 IU of hCG (luteal day 0 = LD0). Starting on LD6, 7 more 400-micrograms doses of nafarelin were repeated on an every 16-h schedule or a single 2500 IU dose of hCG was given, respectively. Serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and hCG were measured. On LD13, endometrium was evaluated with ultrasonography and biopsy in 19 nonpregnant women. RESULTS: As judged by a threefold rise in serum LH, an LH surge was detected on LD1 in all 11 nafarelin patients, but in only 8 hCG patients (P = 0.01). LH and FSH levels were significantly higher on LD1, 7, and 8 and were significantly suppressed on LD13 in the nafarelin group. All patients had mid-luteal P levels greater than 10 ng/ml and luteal phases longer than 13 days. Significantly different luteal E2 or P levels were noted only on LD13, with lower values in the nafarelin group. Pregnancies were achieved in 3 of 11 nafarelin cycles and 2 of 15 hCG cycles. Luteal phase defects were also similar: 4 of 8 nafarelin patients and 7 of 11 hCG patients. CONCLUSION: Nafarelin or hCG in conjunction with clomiphene can result in viable pregnancies, but is associated with low pregnancy rates and a high incidence of luteal phase defects

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of a cervical tenaculum to improve ovarian access during oocyte retrieval. DESIGN: Description of a new technique. SETTING: Normal human volunteer in an academic research environment. PATIENT: An infertile woman undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval. Access to her right ovary was obstructed by her uterus. INTERVENTIONS: During the retrieval procedure, a tenaculum was applied to the patient's cervix and downward traction was applied. RESULTS: The ovary became closer to the vaginal wall. CONCLUSION: Applying downward cervical traction with a tenaculum can bring an ovary closer to the vaginal wall, avoiding possible uterine injury and facilitating oocyte collection

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and pathologic presentation of mature cystic teratomas and the trends in management over a 14-year study period. Methods: Tumor registry data and medical records between January 1, 1975 and December 31, 1989 were analyzed with respect to patient age, tumor size, bilaterality, malignant transformation, and treatment. Results: Five hundred seventy-three tumors were removed from 517 patients. The median and mean (+/- standard deviation) age was found to be 30 and 32 +/- 11.3 years, respectively. Three hundred ten (60%) of the patients were asymptomatic. The mean tumor size was 6.4 +/- 3.5 cm. The bilaterality rate was 10.8%. The rate of torsion was 3.5%; larger tumors underwent torsion more frequently than smaller tumors (P = .029). The rate of malignant transformation was 0.17%. The mean cyst diameter for patients undergoing cystectomy was 5.7 +/- 2.4 cm; for oophorectomy, 8.0 +/- 4.1 cm; and for hysterectomy, 6.1 +/- 3.8 cm. Oophorectomies were performed for larger tumors when compared to cystectomies (P = .01). The number of hysterectomies was stable throughout the study period, whereas the number of oophorectomies decreased and the number of cystectomies increased markedly. Contralateral ovarian biopsy was common (48.5%) early in the study period. By 1989, the biopsy rate was less than 1%. Conclusions: We found the prevalence rates of symptomatic tumors, torsion, and malignant degeneration to be less than those previously reported by most other investigators. In addition, there has been an important change over the past 14 years in the management of these neoplasms, with an increased tendency for ovarian preservation, as evidenced by the more frequent use of cystectomy and a decrease in contralateral ovarian biopsy

BACKGROUND: Many couples undergo in vitro fertilization due to occlusion of the fallopian tubes. Chlamydia trachomatis infections are a major cause of this tubal damage. Since this organism has also been associated with poor pregnancy outcome, we investigated whether a past exposure to C. trachomatis was associated with spontaneous abortion following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. METHODS: Sera from 145 women undergoing IVF were diluted 1:128 and tested for IgG antibodies to C. trachomatis by an immunoperoxidase assay, using infected cells fixed to slides. All subjects and their partners were negative for C. trachomatis by culture or by DNA hybridization. RESULTS: Serological evidence of a past chlamydial infection was observed in 33.8% of the women. The incidence of antichlamydial IgG was greater (P less than 0.001) in women whose infertility was due to known tubal disease (37 of 78; 47.4%) than in women whose infertility was due to other causes (12 of 67; 17.9%). Spontaneous abortions after embryo transfer occurred in 20% of the subjects. The incidence of antichlamydial IgG in aborting women (20 of 29; 69.0%) was greater (P less than 0.001) than the incidence in either women with successful pregnancies (9 of 38; 23.7%) or women who did not become pregnant (20 of 78; 25.6%) after IVF. No relation was observed between antichlamydial antibody status and maternal age, the number of oocytes aspirated, the number of oocytes fertilized, and the number of embryos transferred. CONCLUSIONS: A previous infection with C. trachomatis may increase susceptibility to subsequent spontaneous abortion, even in the absence of a detectable current infection