Faculty Bibliography

Early observations of cardiogenic shock as a systemic clinical syndrome were first described in 1942. Today, cardiogenic shock remains the leading cause of death among patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction (MI). Mortality rates in post-MI cardiogenic shock approach 50% despite rapid revascularization, optimal medical care, and use of mechanical support. New therapeutic strategies with global systemic effects may offer advances in treatment and outcome in post-MI cardiogenic shock. Therapeutic hypothermia for post-MI cardiogenic shock has multiple potentially beneficial physiologic effects, including the potential to improve post-ischemic cardiac function and hemodynamics, decrease myocardial damage, and reduce end-organ injury from prolonged hypoperfusion. Available data in animal models of post-MI cardiogenic shock and ischemia/reperfusion injury and small case series of human patients with cardiogenic shock suggest its promise as a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiogenic shock in the post-MI setting. We hypothesize that systemic therapeutic hypothermia could decrease morbidity and mortality in post-MI patients with cardiogenic shock and warrants study a new treatment that could be widely available at hospitals worldwide.

Gender-related differences in the incidence of bleeding and its relation to subsequent mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with fibrinolysis are not well understood. We studied patients with STEMI receiving fibrinolysis enrolled in 6 clinical trials. Outcomes included moderate or severe bleeding defined using Global Utilization of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries (GUSTO) criteria and adjusted 1-year mortality (excluding deaths in first 24 hours). Moderate or severe bleeding was 1.9-fold higher in women compared to men (13.3% vs 7.1%, p <0.0001). Bleeding remained higher in women even after adjustment for baseline differences (odd ratios 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42 to 1.62). In fact, female gender was second most important prognostic factor (Wald chi-square 153.6) after older age (Wald chi-square 241.2) in the multivariable bleeding model. Overall 1-year mortality was similar in women and men after adjusting for prognostically important baseline differences (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.17). However, after adjustment for baseline confounders and bleeding, female gender was associated with a lower risk of 1-year death. Thus, adjusted 1-year mortality was similar in women compared to men without bleeding (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.19) but lower in women compared to men with bleeding (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.98, p for interaction of gender by bleeding = 0.0016). The highest adjusted 1-year mortality was observed in men with bleeding (HR 2.42, 95% CI 2.20 to 2.66) followed by women with bleeding (HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.80 to 2.33) and women without bleeding (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.19, referent men without bleeding). In conclusion, in patients with fibrinolytic-treated STEMI, women had a higher incidence but lower mortality with bleeding than men. These data highlight the importance of understanding factors associated with gender-related differences in bleeding and represent an opportunity for improving outcomes of women and men with fibrinolytic-treated STEMI.

CONTEXT: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treatment has improved outcomes and shortened hospital stay. Recently, 30-day readmission rates have been proposed as a metric for care of patients with STEMI. However, international rates and predictors of 30-day readmission after STEMI have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To determine international variation in and predictors of 30-day readmission rates after STEMI and country-level care patterns. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Post hoc analysis of the Assessment of Pexelizumab in Acute Myocardial Infarction trial that enrolled 5745 patients with STEMI at 296 sites in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and 13 European countries from July 13, 2004, to May 11, 2006. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of all-cause and nonelective 30-day postdischarge readmission. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Predictors of 30-day postdischarge all-cause and nonelective readmissions. RESULTS: Of 5571 patients with STEMI who survived to hospital discharge, 631 (11.3%) were readmitted within 30 days. Thirty-day readmission rates were higher for the United States than other countries (14.5% vs 9.9%; P < .001). Median length of stay was shortest for US patients (3 days; interquartile range, 2-4 days) and longest for Germany (8 days; interquartile range, 6-11 days). In multivariable regression, the predictors of 30-day readmission included multivessel disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.97; 95% CI, 1.65-2.35) and US location (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.37-2.07). Excluding elective readmission for revascularization, US enrollment was still an independent predictor of readmission (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.20-1.96). After adjustment of the models for country-level median length of stay, US location was no longer an independent predictor of 30-day all-cause or nonelective readmission. Location in the United States was not a predictor of in-hospital death (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.60-1.30) or 30-day postadmission death (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.72-1.39). CONCLUSIONS: In this multinational study, there was variation across countries in 30-day readmission rates after STEMI, with readmission rates higher in the United States than in other countries. However, this difference was greatly attenuated after adjustment for length of stay

BACKGROUND: Despite observations suggesting a benefit for late opening of totally occluded infarct-related arteries after myocardial infarction, the Occluded Artery Trial (OAT) demonstrated no reduction in the composite of death, reinfarction, and class IV heart failure over a 2.9-year mean follow-up. Follow-up was extended to determine whether late trends would favor either treatment group. METHODS AND RESULTS: OAT randomized 2201 stable patients with infarct-related artery total occlusion >24 hours (calendar days 3-28) after myocardial infarction. Patients with severe inducible ischemia, rest angina, class III-IV heart failure, and 3-vessel/left main disease were excluded. We conducted extended follow-up of enrolled patients for an additional 3 years for the primary end point and angina (6-year median survivor follow-up; longest, 9 years; 12 234 patient-years). Rates of the primary end point (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-1.28), fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction (hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-1.75), death, and class IV heart failure were similar for the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and medical therapy alone groups. No interactions between baseline characteristics and treatment group on outcomes were observed. The vast majority of patients at each follow-up visit did not report angina. There was less angina in the PCI group through early in follow-up; by 3 years, the between group difference was consistently <4 patients per 100 treated and not significantly different, although there was a trend toward less angina in the PCI group at 3 and 5 years. The 7-year rate of PCI of the infarct-related artery during follow-up was 11.1% for the PCI group compared with 14.7% for the medical therapy alone group (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-1.01; P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Extended follow-up of the OAT cohort provides robust evidence for no reduction of long-term rates of clinical events after routine PCI in stable patients with a totally occluded infarct-related artery and without severe inducible ischemia in the subacute phase after myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: The Occluded Artery Trial (OAT) was a large, randomized controlled trial published in 2006 that demonstrated no benefit to routine percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of persistently totally occluded infarct-related arteries (IRA) identified a minimum of 24 hours (on calendar days 3-28) after myocardial infarction (MI). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of OAT results and consequent change in guideline recommendations for PCI for treatment of persistently occluded IRAs. METHODS: We identified all patients enrolled in the CathPCI Registry, from 2005 to 2008, undergoing catheterization more than 24 hours after MI with a totally occluded native coronary artery and no major OAT exclusion criteria. We examined trends in monthly rates of PCI for occlusions after OAT publication and after guideline revisions. Because reporting of diagnostic catheterizations was not mandatory, we examined trends among hospitals in the highest quartile for reporting of diagnostic procedures. RESULTS: A total of 28 780 patient visits from 896 hospitals were included. Overall, we found no significant decline in the adjusted monthly rate of PCI of occlusions after publication of OAT (odds ratio [OR], 0.997; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.989-1.006) or after guideline revisions (OR, 1.007; 95% CI, 0.992-1.022). Among hospitals consistently reporting diagnostic catheterizations, there was no significant decline after OAT publication (OR, 1.018; 95% CI, 0.995-1.042), and there was a trend toward decline after guideline revisions (OR, 0.963; 95% CI, 0.920-1.000). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the results of OAT and consequent guideline revisions have not, to date, been fully incorporated into clinical practice in a large cross-section of hospitals in the United States

BACKGROUND: Higher levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events and may play a causal role in atherogenesis. Darapladib inhibits Lp-PLA(2) activity in plasma and in arterial plaques and may confer clinical benefit in preventing cardiovascular events. STUDY DESIGN: The SOLID-TIMI 52 trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, event-driven trial. Approximately 13,000 subjects are being randomized to darapladib (160 mg enteric-coated tablet daily) or matching placebo within 30 days of hospitalization with an acute coronary syndrome. The primary end point is the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Secondary end points include major and total coronary events, individual components of the primary end point, and all-cause mortality. The study will continue until approximately 1,500 primary end point events have occurred to achieve 90% power to detect a 15.5% reduction in the primary end point. The median treatment duration is anticipated to be approximately 3 years, with a total study duration of approximately 4.1 years. CONCLUSIONS: The SOLID-TIMI 52 trial will determine the clinical benefit of direct inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) activity with darapladib in patients after an acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: . Unique identifier: NCT00798122