Faculty Bibliography

Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) have been used extensively in medical schools and residency programs to evaluate various skills, including the six core competencies outlined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Orthopaedic surgery residency programs will be required by the ACGME to assess residents on core competencies in the Milestone Project. Thus, it is important that evaluations be made in a consistent, objective manner. Orthopaedic residency programs can also use simulation models in the examination to accurately and objectively assess residents' skills as they progress through training. The use of these models will become essential as resident work hours are decreased and opportunities to observe skills become more limited. In addition to providing a method to assess competency, OSCEs are a valuable tool for residents to develop and practice important clinical skills. Here, we describe a method for developing a successful OSCE for use in orthopaedic surgical resident training.

BACKGROUND: Scapular notching is a well-documented complication of reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The effect of scapular notching on glenoid fixation is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study dynamically evaluated reverse shoulder glenoid baseplate fixation and assessed the effect of scapular notching on fixation in composite scapulae. A cyclic test was conducted to simulate 55 degrees of humeral abduction in the scapular plane as a 750-N axial load was continuously applied to induce a variable shear and compressive load. Before and after cyclic loading, a displacement test was conducted to measure glenoid baseplate displacement in the directions of the applied static shear and compressive loads. RESULTS: For the scapulae without a scapular notch, glenoid baseplate displacement did not exceed the generally accepted 150-mum threshold for osseous integration before or after cyclic loading in any component tested. For the scapulae with a scapular notch, glenoid baseplate displacement exceeded 150 mum in 2 of the 7 samples before cyclic loading and in 3 of the 7 samples after cyclic loading. The average pre-cyclic glenoid baseplate displacement in the direction of the shear load was significantly greater in scapulae with a scapular notch than those without a scapular notch both before (P = .003) and after (P = .023) cyclic loading. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate glenoid baseplate fixation was achievable in most cases in scapulae with a severe scapular notch; however, the fact that this micromotion threshold was not met in all scapulae with a notch is concerning and implies that severe notching may play a role in initial glenoid baseplate stability.

BACKGROUND: Nonoperative treatments for glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GH-OA) are limited. Intra-articular therapy with sodium hyaluronate (HA) has been effective in treating OA of the knee. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HA in treating chronic pain associated with GH-OA. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized, controlled multicenter trial enrolled 300 patients with GH-OA: 150 received HA and 150 received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in 3 weekly injections and were evaluated over 26 weeks. Primary and secondary outcome measurements were visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and the percentage of Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Clinical Trials-Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OARSI) high responders. RESULTS: In HA and PBS intent-to-treat (ITT) patients, there was a mean improvement from baseline in VAS of 19.88 mm and 16.29 mm at week 26, respectively. Similarly, the percentage of OMERACT-OARSI high responders in the HA group was higher (40.8% vs 34.9%); however, neither difference was statistically significant (P = .1121 and P = .0690, respectively). In a subset of patients without concomitant shoulder pathologies, the differences of VAS and OMERACT-OARSI high-responder rates between groups were 4.0 mm and 8.37%, respectively, which reached statistical significance. Safety analyses showed comparable rates of adverse events between groups, and neither group reported serious treatment-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: A numeric advantage, but without statistical significance, was found for HA ITT patients with GH-OA. Although data for a subset of HA patients without concomitant pathologies reached statistical significance, additional randomized trials are needed to confirm the clinical implication of this outcome.

This study provides recommendations on the position of the implant in reverse shoulder replacement in order to minimise scapular notching and osteophyte formation. Radiographs from 151 patients who underwent primary reverse shoulder replacement with a single prosthesis were analysed at a mean follow-up of 28.3 months (24 to 44) for notching, osteophytes, the position of the glenoid baseplate, the overhang of the glenosphere, and the prosthesis scapular neck angle (PSNA). A total of 20 patients (13.2%) had a notch (16 Grade 1 and four Grade 2) and 47 (31.1%) had an osteophyte. In patients without either notching or an osteophyte the baseplate was found to be positioned lower on the glenoid, with greater overhang of the glenosphere and a lower PSNA than those with notching and an osteophyte. Female patients had a higher rate of notching than males (13.3% vs 13.0%) but a lower rate of osteophyte formation (22.9% vs 50.0%), even though the baseplate was positioned significantly lower on the glenoid in females (p = 0.009) and each had a similar mean overhang of the glenosphere. Based on these findings we make recommendations on the placement of the implant in both male and female patients to avoid notching and osteophyte formation.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the moral reasoning utilized by orthopaedic surgery residents when resolving moral dilemmas. METHODS: Sixty-three residents in an accredited program took the Defining Issues Test-2, an online examination designed to measure and analyze moral reasoning. Scores approximate how often residents utilize three schemas in their moral reasoning: personal interest, maintaining social norms, and postconventional. Scores were analyzed for differences among years of training, previous literature, and established norms. RESULTS: Approximately 9.5% of residents utilized personal interest heavily in their moral reasoning, 27% utilized maintaining norms, and 63.5% utilized postconventional reasoning. There were no significant differences between years of training. The fourth-year (R4) class recorded the highest utilization of principled reasoning, while the fifth-year (R5) class recorded the lowest. The range of principled reasoning scores narrowed from the first year (R1) to R5. The principled reasoning scores of residents were significantly lower than previously reported scores of professional degree-holders and medical students, and empirically lower than previously reported scores of orthopaedic attendings and medical students. CONCLUSIONS: Residents utilized principled reasoning less frequently than expected for physicians. It remains unclear as to what factors contributed to high utilization of principled reasoning in the R4 class but low utilization in the R5 class. Our cross-sectional data suggest that each year of training homogenizes toward a class-specific utilization of principled reasoning. It remains unclear why residents utilized principled reasoning less than orthopaedic attendings, medical students, and other professional degree-holders.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of age on the clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes of patients with proximal humerus fractures treated operatively with locking plates. METHODS: Between February 2003 and July 2012, all patients who sustained a proximal humerus fracture who presented to our institution were enrolled into a database. Patients were followed up at 1, 6, 12, 26, and 52 weeks postoperatively with physical examination and radiographs. Validated functional outcomes scores were collected at 6 and 12 months. Complications were recorded as they occurred. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess for functional, physical, or radiographic differences between patients age younger than 65 and patients age 65 or older. RESULTS: Of the 147 consecutive patients treated operatively for a proximal humerus fracture, 115 (78%) patients with an average follow-up of 16 months met the inclusion criteria for this study. The young cohort (patients < 65) included 70 patients with an average age of 53, whereas the elderly cohort (patients >/= 65) included 45 patients with an average age of 73. The older cohort had significantly more women (P = .04), but there was no statistical difference in fracture type between the age groups. There were no differences in the radiographic measures of screw penetration, humeral head height, and neck-shaft angle between the age groups. There were no differences in physical examination scores between the age groups. There were no significant differences in functional outcomes or complication rates between the age groups. CONCLUSION: Treating proximal humerus fractures operatively with locked plates can overcome the challenges of poor bone quality that often occur with increasing age. Age should not play a significant role in the decision-making process for treating proximal humerus fractures that would otherwise be indicated for surgical fixation.

An accelerometer attached to the anterior proximal tibia was investigated as an evaluation of knee stability of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) patients while performing daily activities. Acceleration data of 38 TKA knees with a minimum follow up of 6months were compared with 34 control knees. The activities performed were: walking three steps forward and coming to a sudden stop; turning in the direction of non-tested knee; sit-to-stand; and stepping up and down from a 7 inch step. The acceleration results showed significant differences between TKA and controls while stepping down and while turning in the non-tested knee direction. The higher accelerations with the TKA group may have represented an objective measure of stability, even if this was not directly discernible to the patient.

BACKGROUND: Injection to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint can be both diagnostic and therapeutic. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of in vivo AC joint injections. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Thirty patients with pain localized to the AC joint were injected with 1 mL of 1% lidocaine and 0.5 mL of radiographic contrast material (Isovue). Radiographs of the AC joint were taken after the injection. Each radiograph was reviewed by a musculoskeletal radiologist and graded as intra-articular, extra-articular, or partially intra-articular. RESULTS: Of the 30 injections performed, 13 (43.3%) were intra-articular, 7 (23.3%) were partially articular, and 10 (33.3%) were extra-articular. When the intra-articular and the partially articular groups were combined, 20 patients (66.7%) had some contrast dye in the AC joint. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that despite the relatively superficial location of the AC joint, the clinical accuracy of AC joint injections remains relatively low.

The education of orthopaedic residents is an important responsibility shared by all those involved in residency training. The education of orthopaedic residents begins with the selection process, which recognizes the importance of choosing qualified individuals who can successfully complete the training program. Education during the 5 years of required training entails the acquisition of a body of knowledge, the development of surgical skills, and the exhibition of a level of professionalism consistent with being a physician and surgeon. Residency training also requires an evaluation of performance and, when necessary, measures to improve performance or correct inappropriate behaviors. The goal at the end of the 5-year training period is to have well-qualified, skilled, and knowledgeable orthopaedic surgeons who can enter practice and provide the highest level of patient care.