Faculty Bibliography

Breast cancer radiotherapy represents an essential component in the overall management of both early stage and locally advanced breast cancer. As the number of breast cancer survivors has increased, chronic sequelae of breast cancer radiotherapy become more important. While recently published data suggest a potential for an increase in cardiac events with radiotherapy, these studies do not consider the impact of newer radiotherapy techniques commonly utilized. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to evaluate cardiac dose sparing techniques in breast cancer radiotherapy. Current options for cardiac protection/avoidance include (1) maneuvers that displace the heart from the field such as coordinating the breathing cycle or through prone patient positioning, (2) technological advances such as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or proton beam therapy (PBT), and (3) techniques that treat a smaller volume around the lumpectomy cavity such as accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI), or intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). While these techniques have shown promise dosimetrically, limited data on late cardiac events exist due to the difficulties of long-term follow up. Future studies are required to validate the efficacy of cardiac dose sparing techniques and may use surrogates for cardiac events such as biomarkers or perfusion imaging.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:To compare reimbursement and cost efficacy between accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) techniques. MATERIALS/METHODS/METHODS:Four hundred fifty-three patients were treated with APBI using either 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT, n=207) or balloon-based brachytherapy (BB) [single-lumen (SL, n=161) and multilumen (ML, n=85)] between March 2000 and October 2011. To evaluate cost-effectiveness, reimbursement by treatment technique was calculated based on 2011 Medicare schedules. Facility costs were generated by technique based on ICD-9 codes. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER), which compares cost with clinical outcomes, were calculated according to the difference in reimbursement to the criteria being evaluated. RESULTS:With a median follow-up of 3.6 years, the 5-year rate of local recurrence was 1.9% for all patients (3D-CRT, 0%; BB, 4.1%; P=0.23). When pooled, BB patients had a significant improvement in excellent/good cosmesis (91.6% vs. 80.0%; P=0.03). Rates of combined grade 2 or higher dermatitis, hyper/hypopigmentation, pain, or fibrosis per technique were 62%, 28%, and 34% for 3D-CRT, SL, and ML patients, respectively (P=0.26). The ICER per percent improved cosmesis for SL/ML was $519/$850 based on reimbursement and $301/$643 based on cost compared with 3D-CRT. CONCLUSIONS:On the basis of ICER, brachytherapy for APBI is a cost-effective option with regard to cosmesis and toxicity. This economic analysis suggests the increased cost of applicator-based brachytherapy may be justified in appropriately selected patients.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:To compare reimbursement and cost efficacy between accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) techniques. MATERIALS/METHODS/METHODS:Four hundred fifty-three patients were treated with APBI using either 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT, n=207) or balloon-based brachytherapy (BB) [single-lumen (SL, n=161) and multilumen (ML, n=85)] between March 2000 and October 2011. To evaluate cost-effectiveness, reimbursement by treatment technique was calculated based on 2011 Medicare schedules. Facility costs were generated by technique based on ICD-9 codes. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER), which compares cost with clinical outcomes, were calculated according to the difference in reimbursement to the criteria being evaluated. RESULTS:With a median follow-up of 3.6 years, the 5-year rate of local recurrence was 1.9% for all patients (3D-CRT, 0%; BB, 4.1%; P=0.23). When pooled, BB patients had a significant improvement in excellent/good cosmesis (91.6% vs. 80.0%; P=0.03). Rates of combined grade 2 or higher dermatitis, hyper/hypopigmentation, pain, or fibrosis per technique were 62%, 28%, and 34% for 3D-CRT, SL, and ML patients, respectively (P=0.26). The ICER per percent improved cosmesis for SL/ML was $519/$850 based on reimbursement and $301/$643 based on cost compared with 3D-CRT. CONCLUSIONS:On the basis of ICER, brachytherapy for APBI is a cost-effective option with regard to cosmesis and toxicity. This economic analysis suggests the increased cost of applicator-based brachytherapy may be justified in appropriately selected patients.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Limited outcomes exist in patients who develop an ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate these outcomes and patterns of failure in our cohort of patients undergoing APBI. METHODS AND MATERIALS/METHODS:A total of 534 patients with early-stage breast cancer were treated with APBI between 1993 and 2010. Clinical, pathologic, and treatment-related variables were analyzed. Clinical outcomes, including further IBTR, regional recurrence, disease-free survival, cause-specific survival, and overall survival were analyzed. RESULTS:Eighteen (3.3%) patients developed an IBTR, for a 5-year actuarial rate of 2.0%; 14 (77.8%) of the recurrences were thought to represent new primary cancers. After IBTR, 13 (72.2%) patients were managed with salvage mastectomy and 4 (22.2%) patients with a second attempt at breast-conserving therapy. Five-year rates of disease-free survival, cause-specific survival, and overall survival after salvage mastectomy for IBTR were 81%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. In the 4 patients treated with a second attempt at breast-conserving therapy, no IBTR, axillary failure, regional recurrence, or distant metastases were noted at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS:IBTRs that developed after APBI resulted in excellent clinical outcomes comparable with those observed after whole-breast irradiation.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Limited outcomes exist in patients who develop an ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate these outcomes and patterns of failure in our cohort of patients undergoing APBI. METHODS AND MATERIALS/METHODS:A total of 534 patients with early-stage breast cancer were treated with APBI between 1993 and 2010. Clinical, pathologic, and treatment-related variables were analyzed. Clinical outcomes, including further IBTR, regional recurrence, disease-free survival, cause-specific survival, and overall survival were analyzed. RESULTS:Eighteen (3.3%) patients developed an IBTR, for a 5-year actuarial rate of 2.0%; 14 (77.8%) of the recurrences were thought to represent new primary cancers. After IBTR, 13 (72.2%) patients were managed with salvage mastectomy and 4 (22.2%) patients with a second attempt at breast-conserving therapy. Five-year rates of disease-free survival, cause-specific survival, and overall survival after salvage mastectomy for IBTR were 81%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. In the 4 patients treated with a second attempt at breast-conserving therapy, no IBTR, axillary failure, regional recurrence, or distant metastases were noted at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS:IBTRs that developed after APBI resulted in excellent clinical outcomes comparable with those observed after whole-breast irradiation.

BACKGROUND:Limited data exist on the use of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate clinical outcomes after APBI in patients with DCIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS/METHODS:Between December 2002 and December 2010, 99 patients with DCIS underwent APBI as part of their breast-conserving therapy (BCT). Partial breast irradiation techniques included interstitial brachytherapy, balloon-based brachytherapy, and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Clinical outcomes including local recurrence, regional recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), cause-specific survival, and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS:Mean follow up was 3.0 years, with a mean patient age of 61.8 years. At 5 years, the rates of local recurrence and regional recurrence were 1.4% and 0%, respectively. Overall survival was 94%, whereas cause-specific survival was 100%. No difference was noted in local control for each treatment technique. When comparing rates using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) E-5194 trial groupings, the rate of local recurrence in our cohort was 2.0% for patients with grade I/II disease < 2.5 cm and 0% for grade III < 1.0 cm, representing a 50% and 100% decrease, respectively, in local recurrence compared with excision alone. CONCLUSIONS:Patients with DCIS treated with APBI had excellent clinical outcomes regardless of the APBI technique used. Until the publication of prospective phase III trials, these data confirm previous reports highlighting the efficacy of APBI in the treatment of noninvasive carcinoma of the breast.

BACKGROUND:Limited data exist on the use of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate clinical outcomes after APBI in patients with DCIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS/METHODS:Between December 2002 and December 2010, 99 patients with DCIS underwent APBI as part of their breast-conserving therapy (BCT). Partial breast irradiation techniques included interstitial brachytherapy, balloon-based brachytherapy, and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Clinical outcomes including local recurrence, regional recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), cause-specific survival, and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS:Mean follow up was 3.0 years, with a mean patient age of 61.8 years. At 5 years, the rates of local recurrence and regional recurrence were 1.4% and 0%, respectively. Overall survival was 94%, whereas cause-specific survival was 100%. No difference was noted in local control for each treatment technique. When comparing rates using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) E-5194 trial groupings, the rate of local recurrence in our cohort was 2.0% for patients with grade I/II disease < 2.5 cm and 0% for grade III < 1.0 cm, representing a 50% and 100% decrease, respectively, in local recurrence compared with excision alone. CONCLUSIONS:Patients with DCIS treated with APBI had excellent clinical outcomes regardless of the APBI technique used. Until the publication of prospective phase III trials, these data confirm previous reports highlighting the efficacy of APBI in the treatment of noninvasive carcinoma of the breast.

BACKGROUND:Limited data exist on the use of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate clinical outcomes after APBI in patients with DCIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS/METHODS:Between December 2002 and December 2010, 99 patients with DCIS underwent APBI as part of their breast-conserving therapy (BCT). Partial breast irradiation techniques included interstitial brachytherapy, balloon-based brachytherapy, and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Clinical outcomes including local recurrence, regional recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), cause-specific survival, and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS:Mean follow up was 3.0 years, with a mean patient age of 61.8 years. At 5 years, the rates of local recurrence and regional recurrence were 1.4% and 0%, respectively. Overall survival was 94%, whereas cause-specific survival was 100%. No difference was noted in local control for each treatment technique. When comparing rates using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) E-5194 trial groupings, the rate of local recurrence in our cohort was 2.0% for patients with grade I/II disease < 2.5 cm and 0% for grade III < 1.0 cm, representing a 50% and 100% decrease, respectively, in local recurrence compared with excision alone. CONCLUSIONS:Patients with DCIS treated with APBI had excellent clinical outcomes regardless of the APBI technique used. Until the publication of prospective phase III trials, these data confirm previous reports highlighting the efficacy of APBI in the treatment of noninvasive carcinoma of the breast.

BACKGROUND:Limited data exist on the use of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate clinical outcomes after APBI in patients with DCIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS/METHODS:Between December 2002 and December 2010, 99 patients with DCIS underwent APBI as part of their breast-conserving therapy (BCT). Partial breast irradiation techniques included interstitial brachytherapy, balloon-based brachytherapy, and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Clinical outcomes including local recurrence, regional recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), cause-specific survival, and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS:Mean follow up was 3.0 years, with a mean patient age of 61.8 years. At 5 years, the rates of local recurrence and regional recurrence were 1.4% and 0%, respectively. Overall survival was 94%, whereas cause-specific survival was 100%. No difference was noted in local control for each treatment technique. When comparing rates using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) E-5194 trial groupings, the rate of local recurrence in our cohort was 2.0% for patients with grade I/II disease < 2.5 cm and 0% for grade III < 1.0 cm, representing a 50% and 100% decrease, respectively, in local recurrence compared with excision alone. CONCLUSIONS:Patients with DCIS treated with APBI had excellent clinical outcomes regardless of the APBI technique used. Until the publication of prospective phase III trials, these data confirm previous reports highlighting the efficacy of APBI in the treatment of noninvasive carcinoma of the breast.