Faculty Bibliography

Introduction: Combination endoscopic therapy is considered a gold standard treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Endoscopic therapy reduces mortality in these patients. Hemospray is a haemostatic powder used for the endoscopic treatment of GI bleeds. We aimed to analyse the outcomes of Hemospray therapy in combination with standard endoscopic treatments. Aims & Methods: Data was collected on consecutive patients with GIB's and treated with Hemospray as part of a combination with standard endoscopic treatments from 18 centres (USA, UK, France, Germany, Spain). The decision to use Hemospray and what combination to use was at the discretion of the endoscopist.
Result(s): We analysed the outcomes of 230 patients (UGIB's - 134 peptic ulcers, 37 post endoscopic therapy, 29 UGI malignancies, 7 variceal, 6 angiodysplasia, 2 inflammation, 15 lower GI bleeds) (Table 1). 134/267 (50%) of the peptic ulcer cohort were treated with Hemospray combination therapy. Haemostasis rates of 92% were achieved relative to 89% in the overall peptic ulcer bleed cohort. 20/108 (19%) had a rebleed and 30-day mortality of 17% (20/119). The most common combination therapy was Hemospray with adrenaline injection therapy with a haemostasis rate of 93% (49/53). Hemospray was used as a second modality in 36/66 (55%) cases. In the remaining cases it was used as a 3rd modality, and a 4thmodality in one case. 58% of all patients had Forrest 1b ulcers where a haemostasis rate of 91% was achieved, re-bleeding in 12/69 (17%). 18% of patients had Forrest 1a ulcers with immediate haemostasis in 21/24 (88%) patients, re-bleed in 4/18 (22%) patients. In the post endoscopic therapy cohort, a 100% haemostasis rate was achieved with a 4% (1/26) re-bleed. Most of the cases were post endoscopic mucosal resection (22/37, 59%). The most common combination therapy was Hemospray and adrenaline injection (24% of patients). In malignancy related UGIB's an 86% (25/29) haemostasis rate was achieved, with a rebleed rate of 17% (4/23). The most common combination was Hemospray and adrenaline injection therapy (12/29, 41%) where a 92% haemostasis rate was achieved and one re-bleed. In variceal bleeds (5 oesophageal, 2 gastric) a haemostasis rate of 86% (6/7) was achieved, a rebleed rate of 29%. Hemospray was used as the second modality to banding/glue injection in the majority of cases.
Conclusion(s): High haemostasis rates were achieved following treatment with Hemospray in all the subgroups. In peptic ulcers high haemostasis and reasonable re-bleeding rates were achieved in Forrest 1a/1b ulcers. Results show that Hemospray combination therapy can have a role in lower GI bleeds. There is a shift towards use of Hemospray as part of standard combination therapy. Its role needs to be clearly defined within the GI bleed algorithm. Disclosure: M.H - Speaker fees (Cook Medical), R.H - Received research grant support from Pentax Medical, Cook Endoscopy, Fractyl Ltd, C2 therapeutics and Medtronic to support research infrastructure

BACKGROUND:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted the practice of endoscopy, but characteristics of COVID patients undergoing endoscopy have not been adequately described. AIMS/OBJECTIVE:To compare findings, clinical outcomes, and patient characteristics of endoscopies performed during the pandemic in patients with and without COVID-19. METHODS:This was a retrospective multicenter study of adult endoscopies at six academic hospitals in New York between March 16 and April 30, 2020. Patient and procedure characteristics including age, sex, indication, findings, interventions, and outcomes were compared in patients testing positive, negative, or untested for COVID-19. RESULTS:Six hundred and five endoscopies were performed on 545 patients during the study period. There were 84 (13.9%), 255 (42.2%), and 266 (44.0%) procedures on COVID-positive, negative, and untested patients, respectively. COVID patients were more likely to undergo endoscopy for gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrostomy tube placement, and COVID patients with gastrointestinal bleeding more often required hemostatic interventions on multivariable logistic regression. COVID patients had increased length of stay, intensive care unit admission, and intubation rate. Twenty-seven of 521 patients (5.2%) with no or negative COVID testing prior to endoscopy later tested positive, a median of 13.5 days post-procedure. CONCLUSIONS:Endoscopies in COVID patients were more likely to require interventions, due either to more severe illness or a higher threshold to perform endoscopy. A significant number of patients endoscoped without testing were subsequently found to be COVID-positive. Gastroenterologists in areas affected by the pandemic must adapt to changing patterns of endoscopy practice and ensure pre-endoscopy COVID testing.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) features a hostile tumor microenvironment (TME) that renders it remarkably resistant to most therapeutic interventions. Consequently, survival remains among the poorest compared with other gastrointestinal cancers. Concerted efforts are underway to decipher the complex PDAC TME, break down barriers to efficacious therapies and identify novel treatment strategies. In the recent Clinical Science, Li and colleagues identify the long noncoding RNA KLHDC7B-DT as a crucial epigenetic regulator of IL-6 transcription in PDAC and illustrate its potent influences on the pancreatic TME. In this commentary, we introduce epigenetics in pancreatic cancer and put the findings by Li et al. in context with current knowledge.

OBJECTIVE:Long-standing chronic pancreatitis is an established risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been associated in PDAC with shorter survival. We employed murine models to investigate the mechanisms by which IL-1β and chronic pancreatitis might contribute to PDAC progression. DESIGN/METHODS:-Cre (KC) mice with transgenic mice overexpressing IL-1β to generate KC-IL1β mice, and followed them longitudinally. We used pancreatic 3D in vitro culture to assess acinar-to-ductal metaplasia formation. Immune cells were analysed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining. B lymphocytes were adoptively transferred or depleted in Kras-mutant mice. B-cell infiltration was analysed in human PDAC samples. RESULTS:B cells. Finally, in human PDAC samples, patients with PDAC with higher B-cell infiltration within tumours showed significantly shorter survival. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:We show here that IL-1β promotes tumorigenesis in part by inducing an expansion of immune-suppressive B cells. These findings point to the growing significance of B suppressor cells in pancreatic tumorigenesis.

BACKGROUND:Patients with low-risk lesions require ongoing surveillance since the rate of progression to pancreatic cancer (PC), while small, is much greater than in the general population. Our objective was to study the relationship between new onset diabetes (NODM) and progression in patients with low risk mucinous cysts. METHODS:We evaluated a prospectively maintained cohort of 442 patients with a suspected mucinous cyst without worrisome features (WF) or high-risk stigmata (HRS). Multivariable Cox models were developed for progression to WF and HRS, with diabetes status formulated as both time independent and dependent covariates. The adjusted cumulative risk of progression was calculated using the corrected group prognosis method. RESULTS:The 5-year cumulative progression rates to WFs and HRS were 12.8 and 3.6%, respectively. After controlling for other risk factors, the development of NODM was strongly associated with progression to HRS (HR = 11.6; 95%CI, 3.5-57.7%), but not WF. Among patients with the smallest cysts (<10 mm) at baseline, those who developed NODM had a 5-year adjusted cumulative risk of progression to HRS of 8.6% (95%CI, 0.0%-20.2%), compared to only 0.8% (95%CI, 0.0%-2.3%) for patients without NODM. Among patients with the largest cysts (20-29 mm), those who developed NODM during surveillance had a 5-year adjusted cumulative risk of progression of 53.5% (95%CI, 19.6%-89.9%) compared to only 7.5% (95%CI, 1.6%-15.2%) for patients without NODM. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:New onset diabetes may predict progression in patients with low risk mucinous cysts. Pending validation with large-scale studies, these findings support regular diabetes screening among patients surveilled for suspected IPMNs or MCNs.

Background and study aims  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and measures taken to mitigate its impact, have profoundly affected the clinical care of gastroenterology patients and the work of endoscopy units. We aimed to describe the clinical care delivered by gastroenterologists and the type of procedures performed during the early to peak period of the pandemic. Methods  Endoscopy leaders in the New York region were invited to participate in an electronic survey describing operations and clinical service. Surveys were distributed on April 7, 2020 and responses were collected over the following week. A follow-up survey was distributed on April 20, 2020. Participants were asked to report procedure volumes and patient characteristics, as well protocols for staffing and testing for COVID-19. Results  Eleven large academic endoscopy units in the New York City region responded to the survey, representing every major hospital system. COVID patients occupied an average of 54.5 % (18 - 84 %) of hospital beds at the time of survey completion, with 14.5 % (2 %-23 %) of COVID patients requiring intensive care. Endoscopy procedure volume and the number of physicians performing procedures declined by 90 % (66 %-98 %) and 84.5 % (50 %-97 %) respectively following introduction of restricted practice. During this period the most common procedures were EGDs (7.9/unit/week; 88 % for bleeding; the remainder for foreign body and feeding tube placement); ERCPs (5/unit/week; for cholangitis in 67 % and obstructive jaundice in 20 %); Colonoscopies (4/unit/week for bleeding in 77 % or colitis in 23 %) and least common were EUS (3/unit/week for tumor biopsies). Of the sites, 44 % performed pre-procedure COVID testing and the proportion of COVID-positive patients undergoing procedures was 4.6 % in the first 2 weeks and up to 19.6 % in the subsequent 2 weeks. The majority of COVID-positive patients undergoing procedures underwent EGD (30.6 % COVID +) and ERCP (10.2 % COVID +). Conclusions  COVID-19 has profoundly impacted the operation of endoscopy units in the New York region. Our data show the impact of a restricted emergency practice on endoscopy volumes and the proportion of expected COVID positive cases during the peak time of the pandemic.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer that has proven refractory to immunotherapy. Previously, treatment with the DNA hypomethylating drug decitabine (5aza-dC; DAC) extended survival in the KPC-Brca1 mouse model of PDAC. Here we investigated the effects of DAC in the original KPC model and tested combination therapy with DAC followed by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Four protocols were tested: PBS vehicle, DAC, ICI (anti-PD-1 or anti-VISTA), and DAC followed by ICI. For each single-agent and combination treatment, tumor growth was measured by serial ultrasound, tumor infiltrating lymphoid and myeloid cells were characterized, and overall survival was assessed. Single-agent DAC led to increased CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs), PD1 expression, and tumor necrosis while slowing tumor growth and modestly increasing mouse survival without systemic toxicity. RNA-seq of DAC-treated tumors revealed increased expression of Chi3l3 (Ym1), reflecting an increase in a subset of tumor-infiltrating M2-polarized macrophages. While ICI alone had modest effects, DAC followed by either of ICI therapy additively inhibited tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. The best results were obtained using DAC followed by anti-PD-1, which extended mean survival from 26 to 54 days (p<0.0001). In summary, low-dose DAC inhibits tumor growth and increases both TIL and a subset of tumor-infiltrating M2-polarized macrophages in the KPC model of PDAC, and DAC followed by anti-PD-1 substantially prolongs survival. Since M2-polarized macrophages are predicted to antagonize anti-tumor effects, targeting these cells may be important to enhance the efficacy of combination therapy with DAC plus ICI.