Faculty Bibliography

Diospyrobezoars are a subtype of phytobezoars caused by excessive consumption of persimmons, which contain large amounts of tannins. In contrast to phytobezoars, diospyrobezoars have a harder consistency than other bezoars, making them more difficult to break up both chemically and endoscopically. We have previously reported successful dissolution of phytobezoars with diet soda and cellulase. A review of the literature found low efficacy of soda in dissolving diospyrobezoars compared to other phytobezoars. We report a case of successful dissolution of a diospyrobezoar after a failed attempt with diet soda alone.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) detection is attributed to the early detection and removal of polyps and adenomas during colonoscopy procedures. Although colonoscopy is considered to be the "gold standard" for CRC prevention, a significant number of polyps and adenomas go undetected during standard procedures. This is largely due to polyps that are hidden behind colonic folds that obscure endoscopic optics and result in interval cancers. The G-EYE endoscope (Smart Medical Systems Ltd., Ra'anana, Israel) comprises a standard forward-viewing endoscope with a permanently integrated balloon at the distal end. Upon withdrawal of the endoscope, the G-EYE balloon is inflated to a partial pressure allowing for the flattening of haustral folds, centralization of the endoscope optics, and reduction in bowel slippage, thus providing improved visualization of the colon anatomy and increased detection of polyps and adenomas. Aims & Methods: This prospective, randomized, multicentre study compares the adenoma detection rate (ADR) of the G-EYE HD colonoscopy with that of standard HD colonoscopy (SC). Patients (age450) referred to colonoscopy for screening, surveillance, following positive FOBT, or due to change in bowel habits were randomized to either G-EYE colonoscopy or SC. Detected polyps were removed and sent for pathology. Polyp and adenoma detection rates were calculated. Result: 480 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 238 subjects were randomized to SC and 242 subjects were randomized to G-EYETM colonoscopy. Baseline parameters and indication for colonoscopy were similar in both groups. The ADR, adenoma per patient, number of adenomas by size and advanced adenomas for each group are presented in Table 1. G-EYE colonoscopy improved ADR by 45.6% when compared to SC. More specifically, the GEYE endoscope increased the number of advanced adenomas and large-size adenomas by 96.9% and 96.2%, respectively. Procedural times were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Our study shows that the G-EYE endoscope can substantially improve ADR when compared to SC. In addition to diminutive and small adenomas, the G-EYE endoscope detects a larger number of advanced and large-size adenomas. Consequently, we conclude that the G-EYE endoscope can significantly enhance the quality of CRC screening and thus reduce colonoscopic miss rates and interval cancer incidents. (Table Presented)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The advent of capsule endoscopy has revolutionized evaluation of the small bowel. Capsule endoscopy has become the criterion standard as the initial examination to diagnose small-bowel abnormalities, but does not allow for tissue sampling or therapeutic intervention. Deep enteroscopy can be performed by using a balloon-assisted device or a spiral overtube for both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of the small bowel. Deep enteroscopy is time-consuming and requires special endoscopes and accessories to perform the examination. We studied a novel through-the-scope balloon catheter system used for deep enteroscopy that uses a conventional colonoscope and standard accessories. METHODS: We performed a 9-center, retrospective study using a novel TTS balloon system for small-bowel evaluation. The new through-the-scope device is an on-demand balloon catheter that is inserted through the instrument channel of a standard colonoscope and enables deep advancement into the small bowel in either the anterograde or retrograde approach. It consists of a balloon inflation/deflation system and a single-use balloon catheter designed for anchoring in the small bowel. The balloon is inflated to an anchoring pressure in the small intestine, and a repetitive push-pull technique is performed, with the endoscope sliding over the guiding catheter to the inflated balloon. The catheter may be removed and reinserted to allow for therapeutic intervention while maintaining the endoscope position. RESULTS: A total of 98 patients were included; 52% were male, and the mean age was 55 years old (range 15-94 years). Indications included abdominal pain, iron-deficiency anemia, occult GI bleeding, diarrhea, abnormal capsule endoscopy, weight loss, protein losing enteropathy, retained foreign body, altered anatomy ERCP, and small-bowel strictures. Anterograde enteroscopy was performed in 65 patients. The average depth of insertion was 158 cm (range 50-350 cm) from the pylorus. Retrograde enteroscopy was performed in 33 cases. The average depth of insertion was 89 cm (range 20-150 cm) beyond the ileocecal valve. Overall, diagnostic yield was 44%. The average advancement time for the anterograde and retrograde enteroscopy cases was 15.5 minutes. There were no procedural adverse outcomes reported in the 98 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The TTS advancing balloon is a safe and effective way to perform deep enteroscopy by using a conventional colonoscope without the need for an overtube. Procedure time is shorter than that of other forms of deep enteroscopy. Diagnostic yield and depth of insertion are on par with other forms of deep enteroscopy. This is the largest reported study using this novel technology to diagnose and treat small-bowel disease.

Introduction: The prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC) by colonoscopy is attributed to the identification and removal of adenomas. A significant number of adenomas are missed during Standard Colonoscopy (SC), e.g., due to polyps hidden behind colon folds and flexures. The newly developed G-EYETM Endoscope (SMART Medical Systems Ltd, Ra'anana, Israel) combines a forward viewing endoscope with an integral, reusable balloon at its bending section. During withdrawal of the G-EYETM Endoscope, the balloon is partially inflated, allowing for the flattening of colon folds, centralization of the optical image, and reduction in bowel slippage, thus providing enhanced visualization of the colon and increased detection of polyps and adenomas. Aims & Methods: The aim of this study is to compare the adenoma detection rate (ADR) of G-EYETM high definition (HD) colonoscopy with that of standard HD colonoscopy. From May 2014 to April 2015, patients (age450) referred to colonoscopy for screening, surveillance, following positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT), or due to change of bowel habits, were randomized to either SC group or G-EYETM group. The G-EYETM Endoscope was based on the same instrument as the conventional HD-colonoscope. Results: 360 subjects were enrolled to the study, of which 177 subjects were randomized to the SC group and 183 subjects were randomized to the GEYE TM group. The ADR, adenoma per patient, number of advanced adenomas and large-size adenomas for each group are presented in Table 1. Compared with conventional colonoscopy, G-EYETM colonoscopy increased ADR by 58%. Special attention should be given to 55% and 56% increase in number of advanced adenomas and large-size adenomas, respectively. Procedural times were similar between the two groups. Conclusion: Our study has shown that the G-EYETM endoscope has a substantially higher ADR, compared to SC, which is considered to be one of the indicators for quality in colonoscopy. Moreover, the G-EYETM endoscope is able to detect not only small and diminutive adenomas but also a larger number of advanced and large size adenomas. It is therefore concluded that the GEYETM has the potential to reduce colonoscopic miss rates and reduce interval cancer incidents. (Table Presented)