Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVE: This article reviews the prevalence, underlying mechanisms, and challenges of treating encephalopathy and delirium in the postsurgical and medically compromised cardiopulmonary patient receiving services on an acute inpatient rehabilitation unit. Additionally, pertinent information is provided on conducting an evaluation to assess for neurocognitive sequelae of the above-mentioned conditions to help achieve better treatment outcomes. METHOD: Review of the medical and neuropsychology literature is provided along with 2 case reports to illustrate evaluation of a persisting toxic-metabolic encephalopathy and a resolving delirium and the treatment team's effectiveness in producing a more optimal treatment outcome. The unique role of the rehabilitation psychologist, special treatment considerations, and the importance of integrated follow-up neurorehabilitation services for the cardiopulmonary patient and caregivers also are emphasized. RESULTS: Encephalopathy and delirium are 2 related, but somewhat different, conditions that can emerge postoperatively, any time during acute care hospitalization, and often enough, during impatient or subacute-care rehabilitation. Their association with long-term harm and poor outcome warrant early identification and immediate medical intervention. IMPLICATIONS: Encephalopathy and delirium can significantly affect rehabilitation outcomes and, as such, rehabilitation psychologists are encouraged to systematically screen for the presence of delirium and encephalopathy in the cardiopulmonary rehabilitation setting so to enhance treatment efficacy and quality of life in affected individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record

BACKGROUND: The Dyspnea Management Questionnaire (DMQ) is a measure of the psychosocial and behavioral responses to dyspnea for adults with COPD. The research objectives were to evaluate the reliability and validity of an expanded DMQ item pool, as a preliminary step for developing a computer adaptive test. METHODS: The original 66 items of the DMQ were used for the analyses. The sample included 63 women and 44 men with COPD (n = 107) recruited from two urban medical centers. We used confirmatory factor analysis to test the factor structure of the DMQ and its underlying cognitive-behavioral theoretical base. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and breadth of coverage of the expanded DMQ item bank were also evaluated. RESULTS: Five distinct dyspnea domains were confirmed using 56 original items of the DMQ: dyspnea intensity, dyspnea anxiety, activity avoidance, activity self-efficacy, and strategy satisfaction. Overall, the breadth of items was excellent with a good match between sample scores and item difficulty. The DMQ-56 showed good internal consistency reliability (alpha = 0.85-to 0.96) and good preliminary test-retest reliability over a 3-week interval (ICC = 0.69-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: The DMQ demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability and validity for measuring multidimensional dyspnea outcomes after medical, psychological, and behavioral interventions for adults with COPD

PURPOSE: To develop and psychometrically test the Dyspnea Management Questionnaire (DMQ), a new multidimensional measure of dyspnea in adults with chronic obstructive lung disease. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-five participants were recruited with diagnoses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, n = 73) and asthma (n = 12). The total sample was predominately female (65%) and married (34%), with 64.9% white and a mean age of 75 years (SD = 9.6, n = 76), diagnosed with pulmonary disease 4.8 years ago (SD = 4.4), 32% requiring the use of supplemental oxygen. Participants were also African American (29.9%), Asian (2.6%), and Hispanic (2.6%); n = 77. METHODS: An initial item pool of 74 items was drawn for the DMQ aided by qualitative interview data, literature review, and pilot testing with 3 adults with COPD. Several analyses were used to reduce the item pool. An interdisciplinary panel of 12 experts evaluated the content validity of the DMQ items. To evaluate test-retest reliability, respondents with stable COPD (n = 26) completed the questionnaire twice within a mean interval of 18 days (SD = 7.17). The DMQ was compared with the Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form (SF-12) Health Survey, the Seattle Obstructive Lung Disease Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: The resulting DMQ is a 30-item scale that measures 5 conceptually derived dimensions: dyspnea intensity, dyspnea-related anxiety, fearful activity avoidance, self-efficacy for activity, and satisfaction with strategy use. It has a 7-point Likert-type scale and third Flesch-Kincaid reading grade level. A panel of 12 experts supported the content validity of the DMQ. It showed high internal consistency (alpha = .87 to .96) and test-retest reliability over 2.5 weeks (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.71 to 0.95). Dyspnea intensity, dyspnea-related anxiety, and fearful activity avoidance subscales of DMQ-30 and composite score were moderately to highly correlated with 3 Seattle Obstructive Lung Disease Questionnaire dimensions (r = 0.44-0.83), Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form scales (r = 0.41-0.57), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (r = -0.59 to -0.65). Two of DMQ's subscales, self-efficacy for activity and satisfaction with strategy use, correlated mildly with Seattle Obstructive Lung Disease Questionnaire (r = 0.28 and 0.27, respectively). Some very low correlations for DMQ-30's satisfaction with strategy use compared with the Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form provided preliminary support for its divergent construct validity. The DMQ-30 discriminated adults with COPD requiring supplemental oxygen from those not requiring it. CONCLUSIONS: The DMQ addresses the need for a more comprehensive, multidimensional assessment of dyspnea, especially for anxious patients with COPD, in order to better guide the appropriate application of dyspnea management interventions and measure pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes. The DMQ can help add insights into the benefit of adjunctive therapies such as psychoeducation, controlled breathing strategies, and cognitive-behavioral approaches in pulmonary rehabilitation for anxious patients with COPD.

Cardiac rehabilitation includes not only the rehabilitation of people with ischemic heart disease but also those with congestive heart failure, heart transplantation, congenital heart disease, and other conditions. New advances in medical treatment have arisen, and there are new approaches in treatment, including alternative medicine and complementary care. New surgical approaches that help restore cardiac function have also been introduced, and rehabilitation professionals must be aware of these advances and be able to incorporate this knowledge into the practice of rehabilitation medicine. Overall Article Objectives: (a) To identify major categories of cardiac disease, (b) to elucidate appropriate interventions and support for patients with coronary artery disease, (c) to describe the new interventions available for the treatment of cardiac disease, and (d) to describe the appropriate role of cardiac rehabilitation for people with various forms of cardiac disease

Pulmonary rehabilitation includes the rehabilitation of not only patients with respiratory failure in need of ventilatory support but also patients with primary pulmonary disease. New advances in medical management now offer treatment to patients with end-stage emphysema, pulmonary hypertension, and interstitial disease, and the principles of rehabilitation can add both function and quality to the lives of these patients. New surgical approaches and better transplantation outcomes that restore pulmonary function have also been introduced. Rehabilitation professionals need to be aware of these advances and be able to incorporate this knowledge into the practice of rehabilitation medicine. Overall Article Objectives: (a) To identify major categories of pulmonary disease seen in pulmonary rehabilitation, (b) to know appropriate interventions and support for patients with respiratory failure, (c) to describe the new interventions available for end-stage lung disease, and (d) to describe the appropriate pulmonary rehabilitation for people with pulmonary disease

Screening athletes and advising them regarding exercise are parts of the practice of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Being able to recognize athletes at risk of coronary events is an important part of preparticipation screening. Good guidelines have been developed that let physicians proceed with confidence in screening and in recommending testing for athletes at risk. This review provides the recommended guidelines for physiatrists in practice. Overall Article Objectives: (a) To recognize risk of coronary disease in athletes, (b) to identify appropriate screening for people at risk, and (c) to interpret test results in people with coronary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common form of primary pulmonary disability. Few effective treatment options exist for it, but recently, lung-volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has been shown to be effective in selected patients with emphysema. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an integral part of the preparation for and recovery from the procedure and has significant benefit in helping to improve the quality of life and conditioning of patients with COPD who undergo LVRS. Overall Article Objectives: (a) To describe the role of pulmonary rehabilitation in LVRS, (b) to understand the components of a comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation program, and (c) to describe the effects of a pulmonary rehabilitation program

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To study the short-term and long-term effects of combining activity training or lectures to exercise training on quality of life, functional status, and exercise tolerance. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three outpatients with COPD. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups: exercise training alone, exercise training plus activity training, and exercise training plus a lecture series. The mean treatment period was 10 weeks.Measurement: The Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire, the modified version of the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire, and the COPD Self-Efficacy Scale were administered at baseline, and 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks from the beginning of the rehabilitation program. The 6-min walk test was used to measure exercise tolerance. RESULTS: Benefits of activity training combined with exercise included less dyspnea (p < or = 0.04) and fatigue (p < or = 0.01), and increased activity involvement (p < or = 0.02) and total functional status (p < or = 0.02) in the short term compared to comparison treatment groups for comparatively older participants. Compared to the lecture series adjunct, the activity training adjunct resulted in significantly higher gains in total quality of life (p = 0.04) maintained at 24 weeks. Significantly worse emotional function and functional status resulted from the lecture series adjunct in the oldest participants (p < or = 0.03). Treatment groups did not differ significantly on exercise tolerance or self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for additional benefits of activity-specific training combined with exercise was found. A behavioral method emphasizing structured controlled breathing and supervised physical activity was statistically significantly more effective than didactic instruction in facilitating additional gains and meeting participants' learning needs.