Faculty Bibliography

"Parents are shocked that that's their child's diagnosis," said Dr. Kerry S. Caperell, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Louisville School of Medicine and lead author of the study. "There's a fairly large literature in adults in terms of the adverse affects of chronic constipation on quality of life," said Dr. Arnold Wald, a gastroenterologist and professor at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health who has written about constipation in both adults and children

Recently, there has been a lot of focus on the idea of toxic stress, in which a young child's body and brain may be damaged by too much exposure to so-called stress hormones, like cortisol and norepinephrine. By 2010, reducing child poverty had become a goal across the British political spectrum, and child poverty had fallen to 10.6 percent of children below the absolute poverty line (similar to the measure used in the United States), down from 26.1 percent in 1999

The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests breast-feeding exclusively for the first six months and continuing breast-feeding for at least a year. Other guidelines suggest that babies not be given solid foods until 4 to 6 months old, but last week the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a study showing that many parents aren't even waiting the four months. "It was thought that if you expose the baby to these foods early on in life, that tends to skew toward allergies and you become an allergic person," said Amal H. Assa'ad, professor of pediatrics at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. But epidemiologic studies did not back this up and some studies showed that banning those foods might have the opposite effect. "When we searched the literature very carefully, it was very difficult to find evidence for one thing or the other," said Dr. Assa'ad. "We're doing the best we can with the evidence that's there."

With regard to infant feeding, the most notable recent turnabout involves allergies. [...]five years ago, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology told parents to manage the introduction of foods most likely to cause allergic reactions with particular care: to avoid cow's milk until a child was a year old, eggs until age 2, anything containing peanut until age 3

"The parents get to know its value and carry it round when traveling," Dr. [Donald Woods Winnicott] wrote. "The mother lets it get dirty and even smelly, knowing that by washing it she introduces a break in continuity in the infant's experience." In Dr. Winnicott's view, the object, together with what he called a "good enough mother," helps the young child navigate the essential problem of separation. The transitional object "has to be created by the baby," Dr. [Steve Tuber] said. "A child has to pick the one that really becomes theirs." "Parents get upset because they think they're going to lose the transitional object, they think it collects germs, they think it looks babyish, which is a problem in American culture," said Barbara Howard, a developmental-behavioral pediatrician at Johns Hopkins. "The biggest problem is stigmatization. There is no ultimate age where it's bad, but you can get teased for it."

According to the center's data, every day on average in the United States, children and teenagers see 12 to 14 food ads on television. According to Dr. Harris, the top four products are fast foods, sugared cereals, sugary drinks and candy