Faculty Bibliography

Background/Purpose : Pregnancy counseling of all anti-Ro positive women includes advice regarding the development of congenital heart block (CHB), albeit the risk is only 2% for primigravida women or those with previously unaffected offspring. Despite this low risk, the prevailing surveillance recommendation is weekly echocardiography. While evidence from basic research laboratories support that high titers of antibodies confer clinically meaningful risk, unfortunately the majority of commercial laboratories use the BioPlex assay, which provides positive and negative values with limited information on actual levels because the sera or plasma are not diluted past a specified cutoffgiven cost (e.g. values of anti-Ro inclusive of Ro52 or Ro60 by laboratories such as Quest or LabCorp provide positive as 1-8 or > 8 units with no further information). The present study was initiated to assess whether the Bio-Plex assay used by many commercial laboratories provides adequate stratification of risk for counseling regarding management. Methods : The study group comprised healthy non-pregnant donors (N = 9), healthy pregnant donors (N = 62), women testing positive for anti-Ro by commercial BioPlex but without CHB children (N = 60 SLE and 2 SS), and women with CHB children (N = 83). Anti-Ro60 reactivity was assessed using native antigen and anti-Ro52 using recombinant protein. Sera were applied to coated microtiter plates at serial dilutions ranging from 1:1000 -1:50,000 for 1h at RT and run in duplicate. Tested samples were multiplied by the dilution factor which gives an OD in the range of 0.3-0.8. Results were considered positive at 123 ELISA units (EU) for Ro60 and 215 EU for Ro52 as this represented the mean +3 SD of the values obtained for healthy control sera. Results : Of the 83 CHB mothers tested, 74 had titers of Ro60 and Ro52 > 1000 EU, in 1 anti-Ro60 was > 1000 EU and anti-52 Ro between 215 -1000, in 3 anti-Ro52 was > 1000 EU and anti-Ro60 between 300 -1000, and 1 mother had anti-Ro60 > 1000 EU and was negative for anti-Ro52. Albeit all positive, the sera from 4 CHB mothers obtained 15 years after the birth of the affected child were < 1000 EU for both anti-Ro60 and Ro52. With these results setting thresholds ( > 1000 EU in either Ro60 or Ro52 for CHB risk), we assessed patients testing positive for anti-Ro based on the BioPlex assay. Of 42 patients with values of > 8 on BioPlex testing, 14 had titers > 1000 EU for both anti-Ro60 and Ro52, 7 had anti-Ro60 > 1000 EU, and 8 had anti-Ro52 > 1000 EU. Thus, 13 of 42 (25%) with commercial Ro > 8 did not meet the threshold EU for CHB risk. Of 20 patients considered positive for anti-Ro by BioPlex with values between 1-8, none had levels of either anti-Ro60 or Ro52 at 1000 EU. No patient or healthy control testing negative by the BioPlex assay was positive for CHB risk in our ELISA. Conclusion : These data suggest that commercial testing using the BioPlex assay may fall short of stratifying risk for CHB. Women with positive values < 8 are not likely at risk, obviating the cost and burden of weekly fetal echo surveillance. Moreover, even those considered high titer on commercial testing may be at low risk supporting the need for more quantitative commercial testing than is currently available. (Figure Presented)

A state of relative immunosuppression exists in normal pregnancy. In this issue of JEM, Hong et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20190185) perform blood immunomonitoring in pregnancy, in both healthy women and women with lupus, and observe early and sustained transcriptional modulation of lupus-related pathways in both groups. When signatures of inflammation did not normalize in lupus, risk of pregnancy complications was increased.

INTRODUCTION: Women who present to the emergency department (ED) for gynecologic issues at our institution undergo multiple evaluative steps. We sought to understand how these steps delay indicated operative management. Time spent at each stage of an ED visit for an acute surgical presentation was investigated as part of a quality improvement project for NYU Langone Health.
METHOD(S): This retrospective, observational study quantifies time spent by patients at each evaluative stage from presentation to operating room incision time. We included females 18 years or older, presenting to the NYU Tisch Hospital ED with acute gynecologic complaints requiring surgery. Gynecology consult records from 9/1/16 to 8/29/17 were reviewed and surgical cases were identified. We defined five relevant time points for each patient: 1--initial presentation, 2--ED provider evaluation, 3--Gynecology consult, 4--time of imaging, and 5--surgical start time. We recorded time in hours, between the above evaluations.
RESULT(S): Of 1194 consults reviewed, 79 patients required urgent surgery for benign etiologies (eg, adnexal torsion, ruptured ectopic pregnancy or heavy vaginal bleeding). The median time spent from presentation to incision was 6.1 (IQR: 4.12-8.53) hours. The median time from presentation to finalization of imaging and from gynecology evaluation to incision were 0.78 (IQR: 0.35-14) and 3.3 (IQR: 1.6-54) hours, respectively.
CONCLUSION(S): This information implies that throughout an evaluation for urgent gynecologic surgery, more than 50% of the time is spent after the decision has been made to operate. Further study of this time frame may ultimately improve bed utilization and reduce delays

Cardiovascular disease complicating pregnancy is rising in prevalence secondary to advanced maternal age, cardiovascular risk factors, and the successful management of congenital heart disease conditions. The physiological changes of pregnancy may alter drug properties affecting both mother and fetus. Familiarity with both physiological and pharmacological attributes is key for the successful management of pregnant women with cardiac disease. This review summarizes the published data, available guidelines, and recommendations for use of cardiovascular medications during pregnancy. Care of the pregnant woman with cardiovascular disease requires a multidisciplinary team approach with members from cardiology, maternal fetal medicine, anesthesia, and nursing.

Objective: While the incidence of cervical cancer has declined in the United States, cervical cancer continues to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality among specific subsets of women. In a recent study published in Cancer, black women over the age of 85[1] were found to have the greatest mortality from cervical cancer. Importantly, cervical cancer screening guidelines do not extend to this age group, highlighting the importance of gaining a comprehensive understanding of these at risk populations. The objective of this study was to define the characteristics, risk factors and clinical course of patients treated for cervical cancer at a large urban public hospital. [1] Beavis, AL, Gravitt, P Rositch, A, Hysterectomy Corrected Cervical Cancer Mortality Rates;Cancer:2017:-1044-50. Design: A review of patients treated for cervical cancer by gynecologic oncologists at Bellevue Hospital between 2007- 2015. Results: One-hundred and fifty-nine patients were treated for cervical cancer by gynecologic oncologists at an urban academic institution during the specified time period. The median age at diagnosis was 51 years (range 28- 80), with 26 (16.4%) patients over 65 years. Sixty-nine (43.4%) patients identified as Hispanic or Latina, 36 (22.6%) as Black or African-American, 25 (15.7%) as Asian, 17 (10.7%) as Caucasian, and 12 (7.5%) were unknown. Seventy-six (47.8%) patients originated from the United States, while 57 (36%) patients reported their region of origin elsewhere - 24 (15.1%) from Asia, 16 (10.1%) South America, 5 (3.1%) Africa, 12 (7.5%) Europe, and 26 (16.4%) were unknown. The vast majority of patients had public insurance (71.1%), or were uninsured (20.8%). One hundred and seven (67%) patients presented with stage IB2 or higher disease, and the predominant stage at diagnosis was IIB (40, 24.2%). Only 34 (21.4%) patients had a known history of dysplasia, with HSIL being the most common cervical cytology prior to diagnosis. Forty-two (26.4%) patients were smokers, only 1 (0.6%) patient was HIV positive on antiretroviral therapy, and 5 (3.1%) had a history of radiation or chemotherapy from a prior cancer diagnosis. One hundred and eighteen (74.2%) underwent chemotherapy and radiation, while 55 (34.6%) were treated surgically, and 3 (1.9%) did not undergo treatment. At the most recent encounter, 85 (53.5%) patients had no evidence of disease, 67 (42.1%) were alive with disease, and 6 (3.8%) had died of their disease. Conclusion: Despite advances in detection and treatment, cervical cancer remains a significant women's health care issue among at-risk patient populations in the United States. These findings draw attention to how the new screening guidelines may affect the care of women over 65 years of age