Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND:In selected patients with chronic pancreatitis, extensive pancreatectomy can be effective for the treatment of intractable pain. The resultant morbid diabetes can be ameliorated with islet autotransplantation (IAT). Conventionally, islet infusion occurs intraoperatively after islet processing. A percutaneous transhepatic route in the immediate postoperative period is an alternative approach. METHODS:A prospectively collected database of patients undergoing pancreatectomy with percutaneous IAT (P-IAT) was reviewed. Hospital billing data were obtained and median charges determined and compared with estimated charges for an intraoperative infusion method of IAT (I-IAT). RESULTS:Thirty-six patients (28 women; median age 48 years) underwent pancreatectomy with P-IAT. Median operative time was 232 min (range: 98-395 min) and median estimated blood loss was 500 cc (range: 75-3000 cc). Median time from pancreatic resection to islet transplantation was 269 min (range: 145-361 min). A median of 208 248 IEq (2298 IEq/kg) were harvested. Median peak portal venous pressure during islet infusion was 13 mmHg (range: 5-37 mmHg). Postoperative complications occurred in 15 patients (42%) and included hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm and portal vein thrombosis; the latter occurred in two patients with portal pressures during infusion > 30 mmHg. At a median follow-up of 10.7 months, eight patients (22%) were insulin-free. Median pertinent charges for P-IAT were US$36,318 and estimated median charges for I-IAT were US$56,440. Surgeon time freed by P-IAT facilitated an additional 66 procedures, charges for which amounted to US$463,375. CONCLUSIONS:Percutaneous transhepatic IAT is feasible and safe. Islet infusion in the immediate postoperative period is cost-effective. Further follow-up is needed to assess longterm results.

In surgical patients, statins have been shown to have beneficial effects independent of the lipid-lowering properties. Statin use has not been well studied in the bariatric patient. The objective of this study was to characterize the use of statins in the bariatric surgery patient and compare outcomes, including complications, weight loss, and changes in comorbidities. A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing bariatric surgery between 2005 and 2008 was conducted. Four hundred forty surgical patients charts were reviewed, of which 151 (34%) were taking a perioperative statin. The two groups were similar in length of stay, baseline body mass index, type of procedure, smoking status, and hospital charges. However, the statin group was older, more likely male, and with more baseline comorbidities, including hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLD), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). There was no statistical significance noted in the any complication or death. There was no difference in weight loss over time between the two groups. The statin group was more likely to report resolution in HLD (27.5 vs 9.5%, P = 0.004), but not DM, HTN, or OSA. In summary, there are differences in bariatric patients who take statins compared with their counterparts. Statins with gastric bypass may improve resolution of HLD, which may eventually alter long-term cardiac risk in these patients.

BACKGROUND:Choledochoduodenostomy (CDD) has been shunned by some surgeons for the management of the benign distal common bile duct stricture due to the potential complication of "sump syndrome." The feared sump syndrome is theorized to occur from bile stasis and reflux of duodenal contents into the terminal common bile duct with bacterial overgrowth, resulting in cholangitis or hepatic abscess. The true incidence and resultant morbidity of sump syndrome, however, are not well defined. METHODS:With the approval of the Institutional Review Board, a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing choledochoduodenostomy for benign disease at a single institution between 1994 and 2008 was undertaken. Data were collected with particular attention to operative indications, perioperative course, and long-term results. Long-term outcomes were assessed through clinical reports at outpatient follow-up, emergency room visits, and hospital readmissions. RESULTS:Seventy-nine patients underwent side-to-side CDD for benign diseases over the 15-year period [51 (65%) men; mean age, 52 years (standard deviation (SD), 12)]. Indications for surgery included chronic pancreatitis (80%), choledocholithiasis (11%), and cholangitis (4%). Patients presented with abdominal pain (80%), nausea/vomiting (30%), and jaundice 13%. Sixty-one patients (77%) underwent an additional procedure at the time of their CDD, including lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (26%). There was no perioperative mortality. Postoperative complications occurred in 15 (19%) patients, including intraabdominal abscess (26%), wound infection (20%), and biliary leakage (13%). The mean hospital stay was 9.7 days (SD, 6.9). The mean follow-up was 6.2 years (SD, 4.2). There was no occurrence of cholangitis. Two patients (2.5%) developed hepatic abscess, which was managed by antibiotics and image-guided percutaneous drainage. CONCLUSIONS:CDD is a safe and effective method of decompressing the distal common bile duct in benign pancreatobiliary disease. Long-term results are acceptable, with sump syndrome being a rare occurrence.

Rectal prolapse is a relatively common, benign condition in the pediatric population. Conservative management usually results in resolution of the problem. Persistent rectal prolapse with chronic constipation suggests more serious underlying pathologic condition that may be challenging to diagnose. We present a case of severe recurrent rectal prolapse with chronic constipation in a 13-year-old boy. Using video defecography, an unusual radiographic modality in children, a functional sigmoid obstruction was observed that was not found on more routine imaging studies. Laparoscopic sigmoidectomy provided an excellent outcome in this patient who previously had a lifestyle-limiting, chronic condition.

BACKGROUND:Adhesions are common after conventional surgery; natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) avoids peritoneal disruption and may reduce adhesions. OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To determine whether adhesions (and peritoneal contamination) are less common with NOTES transgastric colon injury and repair (TGCR) than with laparoscopic colon repair (LCR). DESIGN/SETTING/METHODS:Porcine survival study. INTERVENTIONS/METHODS:After colon preparation and administration of antibiotics, forty 25-kg male pigs were randomly assigned to either TGCR or LCR. TGCR involved an endoscopic gastrotomy (needle-knife plus balloon dilation), CO(2) pneumoperitoneum, and a 2-cm needle-knife transmural incision of spiral colon. Colotomies were repaired with clips; gastrotomies were closed with clips and a detachable snare. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS/METHODS:Adhesions were assessed at necropsy at 21 days; biopsy specimens were blindly reviewed. A 9-point adhesion score (density/vascularity, width, and extent) was averaged from 3 reviewers. Peritoneal lavage was sent for cell count and culture. RESULTS:Two of 20 TGCR pigs died immediately (unrecognized preoperative autopsy-proven pneumonia). The median procedure times were 70.5 and 19.0 minutes for TGCR and LCR, respectively; weight gains were 7.1 and 8.2 kg, respectively. The median adhesion scores were 4.3 and 3.7, respectively (P = .26); subscores were similar (1.9, 1.5, 1.3 vs 1.7, 1.1, 1.0, respectively (P = .3-.6)). Peritoneal lavage bacterial growth was nonsignificantly lower after TGCR than after LCR (38.9% vs 60.0%, respectively; P = .30); administration of intragastric antibiotics did not decrease contamination. Three TGCR (vs no LCR) pigs had histologic peritonitis. LIMITATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:Animal model, colon prepped, injury immediately recognized. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:NOTES colon repair is feasible after transmural injury. Adhesions, histologic peritonitis, and contamination were similar to those with laparoscopy and were not helped by intragastric antibiotics.

BACKGROUND:Damage control laparotomy (DCL) has been a major advance in modern trauma care. The principles of damage control which include truncation of operation to correct acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy with subsequent planned definitive repair are applicable in managing patients undergoing abdominal operations. In order to define indications, technique, and outcome, we undertook a retrospective review and analysis of pancreatic surgery patients in whom DCL was utilized. METHODS:In a cohort of 835 patients who underwent elective pancreatic operations at the Medical University of South Carolina from 2001 to 2007, eight patients were identified who required DCL. Under Institutional Review Board approval, records were reviewed to define intraoperative blood loss, acidosis, hypothermia, coagulopathy, operative techniques, timing of definitive operation, and hospital outcome. RESULTS:There were five men and three women with a mean age of 51 years. The diagnosis was chronic pancreatitis in seven patients and cancer in one. The index operation was pancreatoduodenectomy in four patients, distal pancreatectomy in three, and total pancreatectomy in one. In four patients undergoing elective pancreatic resection intraoperative portal vein hemorrhage initiated damage control laparotomy. Four patients had damage control utilized at reoperation for abdominal sepsis (two) and hemorrhage (two). DCL techniques included external tube drainage (eight), abdominal packing (seven), staple closure of open bowel (four), and rapid abdominal closure (four). Operative blood loss ranged from 300 to 12,000 cc. Operative transfusions ranged from 0 to 44 U of packed red cells. Intraoperative INR was greater than 1.5 in four patients, pH ranged from 7.08 to 7.45, and temperature ranged from 34.8 to 38.8 degrees C. Laparotomy for pack removal and intestinal reconstruction was undertaken 1 to 7 days after DCL. Length of hospital stay ranged from 7 to 80 days. Hospital mortality was zero. CONCLUSIONS:Patients with exsanguinating hemorrhage and severe sepsis related to pancreatic surgery can be successfully managed with principles of DCL. Truncation of operation with abdominal packing, bowel closure, external drainage of bile and pancreatic ducts, and rapid abdominal closure with planned subsequent completion laparotomy should be considered in pancreatic operations when patients risk intraoperative acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy due to sepsis or hemorrhage.

Solid lesions of the body and tail of the pancreas challenge all the diagnostic and technical skills of the modern gastrointestinal surgeon. The information available from modern computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) imaging provide diagnostic and anatomic data that give the surgeon precise information with which to plan an operation and to discuss with the patient during the preoperative visit. A preoperative evaluation includes a thorough history and a pancreas protocol CT scan, supplemented by MR imaging and EUS when needed, to differentiate between the various potential diagnoses. These same modalities can be essential in proper staging in the case of malignant lesions, thus aiding in management decisions. Most lesions ultimately require operative resection, barring metastatic disease, with the notable exception of autoimmune pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND:Because survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer is limited, it is difficult to assess longterm pancreaticojejunal anastomotic patency. However, in patients with benign disease, pancreaticojejunal anastomotic stenosis may become problematic. What happens when pancreaticojejunal anastomosis revision is undertaken? METHODS:Patients undergoing pancreatic anastomotic revision after pancreatic head resection for benign disease between 1997 and 2007 at the Medical University of South Carolina were identified. A retrospective chart review and analysis were undertaken with the approval of the Institutional Review Board for the Evaluation of Human Subjects. Longterm follow-up was obtained by patient survey at a clinic visit or by telephone. RESULTS:During the study period, 237 patients underwent pancreatic head resection. Of these, 27 patients (17 women; median age 42 years) underwent revision of pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. Six patients (22%) had a pancreatic leak or abscess at the time of the index pancreatic head resection. The indication for revision of anastomosis was intractable pain. All patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), which indicated anastomotic stricture in 18 patients (63%). Nine other patients underwent exploration based on clinical suspicion caused by recurrent pancreatitis and stenosis was confirmed at the time of surgery. Six patients (22%) had perioperative complications after revision. The median length of stay was 12 days. There were no perioperative deaths; however, late mortality occurred in four patients (15%). Six of 23 survivors (26%) at the time of follow-up (median 56 months) reported longterm pain relief. CONCLUSIONS:Stricture of the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis after pancreatic head resection presents with recurrent pancreatitis and pancreatic pain. MRCP has good specificity in the diagnosis of anastomotic obstruction, but lacks sensitivity. Pancreaticojejunal revision is safe, but rarely effective, as a means of pain relief in patients with the pain syndrome associated with chronic pancreatitis.