Faculty Bibliography

Background/Purpose: Precise estimates of the comorbidity burden of gout and hyperuricemia are critical as their presence has important implications for the treatment of both gout and hyperuricemia. We therefore estimated the decadal US prevalence of cardiovascular-renal-metabolic comorbidities according to gout and hyperuricemia status, based on the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016.
Method(s): Using data from 26,332 participants (12,793 men and 13,539 women) aged >=20 years old from NHANES 2007- 2016, we determined the prevalence (%) of cardiovascular-renal-metabolic comorbidities according to gout and hyperuricemia status. Obesity was defined as body mass index>=30 kg/m². Other comorbidities were defined based on an affirmative answer to a question asking if a physician or a health professional had diagnosed the said comorbidity. Hyperuricemia was defined as a serum urate level >7.0 mg/dL in men and >5.7 mg/dL in women. All statistical analyses were conducted using survey commands of Stata (Version 15.1, Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas) to adjust for clusters and strata of the complex sample design as well as incorporate sample weights. Population estimates (in millions) were calculated as per the NHANES analytic guidelines.
Result(s): Among gout patients, 69.4% (6.0 million) had hypertension, 55.9% (4.8 million) were obese, 26.5% (2.3 million) had type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 22.5% (1.9 million) had chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage >=3, 19.9% (1.7 million) had nephrolithiasis, 11.8% (1.0 million) had a myocardial infarction (MI), 11.1% (1.0 million) had heart failure (HF), and 8.7% (0.7 million) had suffered a stroke over 2007-2016. Among the US adults with both gout and hyperuricemia, 73.9% had hypertension, 60.8% were obese, 28.5% had CKD stage >=3, 25.0% had T2DM, 18.2% had nephrolithiasis, 11.9% had HF, 11.6% had a MI, and 9.3% had suffered a stroke (Table). These prevalences were substantially higher compared with individuals without gout or hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia without gout was also associated with higher prevalences of comorbidities (all P-values < 0.005, Table). Among individuals with gout, the presence of hyperuricemia conferred additional risk for hypertension, CKD and obesity (all P-values<0.05, Table).
Conclusion(s): The findings from this recent, nationally-representative sample of US adults highlight that both gout patients and those with hyperuricemia continue to carry a substantial burden of cardiovascular-renal-metabolic comorbidities. These add to the overall disease burden of gout and hyperuricemia to society, and provide support for the consideration of these comorbidities in optimizing gout and hyperuricemia care in the US. (Table Presented)

To determine whether arterial responsiveness is impaired among patients with gout, and whether arterial responsiveness inversely correlates with serum urate and inflammatory measures. This is a cross-sectional study of untreated gout subjects (n = 34) and non-gout healthy controls (n = 64). High-resolution dynamic ultrasound-measured flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) assessed endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent arterial responsiveness respectively. Serum urate (sUA) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured in the gout group, and correlated with FMD and NMD responses. Both FMD (2.20 ± 0.53 vs 3.56 ± 0.31, p = 0.021) and NMD (16.69 ± 1.54 vs 24.51 ± 0.90, p = 0.00002) were impaired in the gout versus control group. Stratification for individual comorbidities suggested that no single risk factor accounted for impaired FMD/NMD in the gout subjects. However, the degree of association between gout and FMD, but not NMD impairment, was dampened after multivariable adjustment (FMD unadjusted beta = - 1.36 (SE 0.58), p = 0.02; adjusted beta = - 1.16 (SE 0.78), p = 0.14 and NMD unadjusted beta = - 7.68 (SE 1.78), p < 0.0001; adjusted beta = - 5.33 (SE 2.46), p = 0.03). Within the gout group, there was an inverse correlation between FMD and sUA (R = - 0.5, p = 0.003), and between FMD and hsCRP (R = - 0.42, p = 0.017), but not between NMD and sUA or hsCRP. Compared with healthy controls, subjects with gout have reduced arterial function. Individual comorbidities are insufficient to account for differences between gout and control groups, but multiple comorbidities may collectively contribute to impairment in endothelium-dependent arterial responsiveness. Endothelial impairment is also related to sUA and hsCRP, markers of gout severity and inflammation respectively. Studies to determine whether gout therapy may improve arterial responsiveness are warranted.

Tracheal inflammation, or tracheitis, is a pathologic process that can occur secondary to a number of systemic inflammatory diseases, or it may be idiopathic in nature. Regardless of the underlying etiology, tracheitis can, in its most severe form, be life-threatening, thus making its treatment an area of interest. Our case is one of a 50-year-old man with a remote history of inflammatory bowel disease achieving clinical cure following surgical resection who presented with progressive dyspnea due to tracheal stenosis that was presumed secondary to an autoimmune and inflammatory etiology. His disease was initially refractory to recurrent surgical interventions. He ultimately achieved clinical improvement with a combination of methotrexate and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor, adalimumab. While both clinical trials and standardized treatment guidelines are lacking in this domain, this case illustrates a potential role for TNF-α inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory tracheitis, irrespective of the underlying etiology.

Drug discovery and development (DDD) is an interdisciplinary enterprise that spans the translational continuum. Despite DDD's importance, formal training within medical and biomedical schools is lacking. In this tutorial, we outline the current educational landscape in DDD and the growing educational need in this area. Lastly, we describe the Health Innovations and Therapeutics concentration as an example of how to design and implement an educational program in DDD.

BACKGROUND:Gout patients do not routinely achieve optimal outcomes related in part to suboptimal administration of urate lowering therapy (ULT) including first-line xanthine oxidase inhibitors allopurinol or febuxostat. Studies leading to the approval of febuxostat compared this agent to allopurinol in inappropriately low, fixed doses. We will compare allopurinol with febuxostat in gout using appropriately titrated doses of both agents and a "treat-to-target" strategy congruent with specialty guidelines. METHODS:We have planned and initiated the Veterans Affairs (VA) Cooperative Study Program (CSP) 594, Comparative Effectiveness in Gout: Allopurinol vs Febuxostat study. This large double-blind, non-inferiority trial will enroll 950 gout patients randomized to receive allopurinol or febuxostat. Patients will be followed for a total of 72 weeks encompassing 3 distinct 24-week study phases. During Phase I (0-24 weeks), participants will undergo gradual dose titration of ULT until achievement of serum uric acid (sUA) <6.0 mg/dL or <5.0 mg/dL if tophi are present. Dose escalation will not be allowed during final three study visits of Phase 2 (24-48 weeks) and during Phase 3 (48-72 weeks). The primary study outcome is the proportion of participants experiencing at least one gout flare during Phase 3. Subsequent to the 72-week study, participants will be followed passively for up to 10 years after the study to assess long-term health outcomes. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:With its completion, the VA Comparative Effectiveness in Gout: Allopurinol vs Febuxostat study will demonstrate the central role of gradual ULT dose escalation and a treat-to-target strategy in gout management.

Colchicine is an ancient medication that is currently approved for the treatment of gout and FMF. However, colchicine has a wide range of anti-inflammatory activities, and studies indicate that it may be beneficial in a variety of other conditions. This paper reviews the evidence for the well-established use of colchicine in gout, as well as several other rheumatic diseases. In addition, we highlight the potential benefit of colchicine in cardiac disease, including coronary artery disease in patients both with and without gout.

Background: Many, but not all patients with chronic gout develop tophi, and the factors that govern tophus formation are not fully understood. Several studies have suggested impairment of renal function increases the risk for development of tophi, but others have not.
Method(s): This analysis addressed the relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the presence of tophi in patients with chronic refractory gout, as well as effects of tophus resolution on eGFR using results from two randomized controlled trials of pegloticase in chronic gout patients.
Result(s): Overall, 73% of the 212 subjects in these trials had clinically apparent tophi at baseline and 27% did not. Subjects with tophi were significantly older than those without tophi (56.7 vs 51.9 years, P=0.034) and had a significantly longer disease duration (16.3 vs 11.7 years, P=0.0072). Subjects with tophi also had a significantly lower eGFR than those without tophi (59.8 vs 67.9 mL/min/1.73 m2, P=0.0495). Subjects with advanced renal disease were also more likely to have tophi. Persistent serum urate lowering and resolution of tophi in subjects treated with pegloticase had no significant effect on eGFR despite a significant decrease in the urinary uric acid:creatinine ratio.
Conclusion(s): These results indicate that chronic refractory gout patients may present with or without clinically apparent tophi and that there is a significant association between the presence of renal dysfunction measured by eGFR and the frequency with which chronic refractory gout patients manifested tophi. However, persistent serum urate lowering and tophus resolution had no significant effect on eGFR over the period of observation in this group of subjects

Background: Impaired renal function is a recognized comorbidity of gout and gouty tophi may be more frequent in those with renal dysfunction. It is not known however, whether the velocity of resolution of tophi in response to urate lowering therapy is affected by renal insufficiency.
Method(s): This analysis used results from two 6-month randomized controlled trials of pegloticase in patients with chronic refractory gout to address this issue. The velocity of tophus resolution was determined in 18 patients with chronic gout refractory to oral urate lowering therapy who responded to pegloticase administered at a dose of 8 mg every 2 weeks (q2w) with sustained serum urate reductions (<6 mg/dL) over 6 months. eGFR was determined at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of treatment. Tophi were photographed at baseline, 3, 4.5, and 6 months and measured using Computer-Assisted Photographic Evaluation technology. At baseline, the mean area of photographed tophi was 585.8 mm2.
Result(s): Complete resolution of all tophi photographed was achieved by 34.8% of the patients. Using linear regression analysis, the velocity of tophus resolution for all the patients was calculated to be 60.1 mm2 per month. There was no significant relationship between baseline eGFR and velocity of tophus resolution (p=0.5). In addition, there were no significant differences in the velocity of tophus resolution for patients with Stage 1 chronic kidney disease (CKD) vs Stage 2 CKD (P=0.7), Stage 3 CKD (P=0.9), or Stage 4 CKD (P=0.7).
Conclusion(s): The results from this analysis thus indicate that renal impairment does not compromise the ability of pegloticase to resolve tophi rapidly in patients who respond with sustained reductions in serum urate