Faculty Bibliography

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a clinical burden to health-care system. This study aims to evaluate the incidence and predictors of POI in patients undergoing colectomy and create a nomogram by using recently released procedure-targeted nationwide database. Patients who underwent elective colectomy in 2012 and 2013 were identified from American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program using the new procedure-targeted database. Demographics, comorbidities, and 30-day postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Variables in the final stepwise multiple logistic regression model for each outcome were selected in a stepwise fashion using Akaike's information criterion. A nomogram was created to aid in the calculation of POI risk for individual patients. A total of 29,201 patients met the inclusion criteria; 3834 (13.1%) developed POI with a male predominance (55.9%). Patients who developed ileus had longer length of hospital stay (11 vs 5 days; P < 0.001) and operative time (200 vs 174 minutes; P < 0.001). In the stepwise logistic regression model, the following variables were found to be independent risk factors for POI: older age (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.001), American Society of Anesthesiologists class III/IV (P < 0.001), open approach (P < 0.001), preoperative septic conditions (P < 0.001), omission of oral antibiotic before surgery (P < 0.001), right colectomy or total colectomy vs other procedures (P < 0.001), smoking (P = 0.001), decreased preoperative serum albumin level (P < 0.001), and prolonged operating time (P < 0.001). All postoperative complications were more frequently occurred in patients with POI. The nomogram accurately predicted POI with a concordant index for this model of 0.69. The use of minimal invasive techniques, control of preoperative septic conditions, oral antibiotic bowel preparation and shorter operative time are associated with a decreased rate of POI. External validation is essential for the confirmation and further evaluation of our logistic regression model and nomogram.

BACKGROUND:Patients with Crohn's disease have a higher failure rate after ileal pouch surgery compared with their counterparts with ulcerative colitis. OBJECTIVE:We hypothesized that risk of continent ileostomy failure can be stratified based on the timing of Crohn's disease diagnosis and aimed to assess long-term outcomes. DESIGN/METHODS:This was a retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS/METHODS:The investigation took place in a high-volume, specialized colorectal surgery department. PATIENTS/METHODS:Patients with Crohn's disease who underwent continent ileostomy surgery between 1978 and 2013 were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES/METHODS:Functional outcomes, postoperative complications, requirement of revision surgery, and continent ileostomy failure were analyzed. RESULTS:There were 48 patients (14 male patients) with a median age of 33 years at the time of continent ileostomy creation. Crohn's disease diagnosis was before continent ileostomy (intentional) in 15 or made in a delayed fashion at a median 4 years after continent ileostomy in 33 patients. Median follow-up was 19 years (range, 1-33 y) after index continent ileostomy creation. Major and minor revisions were performed in 40 (83%) and 13 patients (27%). Complications were fistula (n = 20), pouchitis (n = 16), valve slippage (n = 15), hernia (n = 9), afferent limb stricture (n = 9), difficult intubation (n = 8), incontinence (n = 7), bowel obstruction (n = 7), valve stricture (n = 5), leakage (n = 4), bleeding (n = 3), and valve prolapse (n = 3). Median Cleveland global quality-of-life score was 0.8. Continent ileostomy failure occurred in 22 patients (46%). Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates, continent ileostomy survival was 48 % (95% CI, 33%-63%) at 20 years. Continent ileostomy failure was similar regardless of timing of diagnosis of Crohn's disease (p = 0.533). LIMITATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:This study was limited by its retrospective and nonrandomized nature. CONCLUSIONS:Outcomes of continent ileostomy in patients with Crohn's disease are poor, regardless of the timing of diagnosis. Very careful consideration should be given by both the surgeon and the patient before undertaking this procedure in patients with Crohn's disease. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A327.

BACKGROUND:Elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery have increasingly become under scrutiny by accounting for the largest fraction of geriatric postoperative deaths and a significant proportion of all postoperative complications, including anastomotic leak. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to determine predictors of anastomotic leak in elderly patients undergoing colectomy by creating a novel nomogram for simplistic prediction of anastomotic leak risk in a given patient. DESIGN/METHODS:This study was a retrospective review. SETTINGS/METHODS:The database review of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was conducted at a single institution. PATIENTS/METHODS:Patients aged ≥65 years who underwent elective segmental colectomy with an anastomosis at different levels (abdominal or low pelvic) in 2012-2013 were identified from the multi-institutional procedure-targeted database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES/METHODS:We constructed a stepwise multiple logistic regression model for anastomotic leak as an outcome; predictors were selected in a stepwise fashion using the Akaike information criterion. The validity of the nomogram was externally tested on elderly patients (≥65 years of age) from the 2014 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program colectomy-targeted database. RESULTS:A total of 10,392 patients were analyzed, and anastomotic leak occurred in 332 (3.2%). Of the patients who developed anastomotic leak, 192 (57.8%) were men (p < 0.001). Based on unadjusted analysis, factors associated with an increased risk of anastomotic leak were ASA score III and IV (p < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.004), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.003), smoking history (p = 0.014), weight loss (p = 0.013), previously infected wound (p = 0.005), omitting mechanical bowel preparation (p = 0.005) and/or preoperative oral antibiotic use (p < 0.001), and wounds classified as contaminated or dirty/infected (p = 0.008). Patients who developed anastomotic leak had a longer length of hospital stay (17 vs 7 d; p < 0.001) and operative time (191 vs 162 min; p < 0.001). A multivariate model and nomogram were created. LIMITATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:This study was limited by its retrospective nature and short-term follow-up (30 d). CONCLUSIONS:An accurate prediction of anastomotic leak affecting morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery using the proposed nomogram may facilitate decision making in elderly patients for healthcare providers.

BACKGROUND:There are scant published data in the impact of prostate cancer and its treatment on functional outcomes and quality of life (QOL) in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of prostate cancer and its treatment on functional outcomes and QOL in patients with IPAA. METHODS:Patients with IPAA with prostate cancer were compared to age and pouch duration-matched controls without prostate cancer in a 1:2 ratio. Pouch function and QOL were compared between pretreatment and posttreatment for prostate cancer as well as between subjects and controls. RESULTS:A total of 30 patients with IPAA with prostate cancer and 60 matched controls were included. Treatment modalities of prostate cancer included prostatectomy (n = 22), brachytherapy (n = 5), watchful waiting (n = 2), and hormonal therapy (n = 1). The median length of follow-up was 6 (interquartile range, 2.7-8) years. Permanent fecal diversion was required in 5 (16.7%) patients with prostate cancer who developed pouch failure, as compared with 2 patients in the control group (P = 0.04). In patients who retained their pouches, the pouch functional outcomes at the latest follow-up were similar to that before prostate cancer treatment and to that of the matched controls, in terms of bowel movements, daytime seepage, nighttime bowel movements, nighttime seepage, and QOL score. CONCLUSIONS:The risk of pouch failure may be increased after the diagnosis of prostate cancer with or without treatment. However, for those with retained pouches, their pouch function and QOL did not seem to be adversely affected.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate 30-day postoperative morbidity in patients undergoing colectomy for cecal volvulus. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for cecal volvulus between 2012 and 2015 were identified from the American College of Surgeons-NSQIP by using current procedural terminology codes and ICD-9 code. Demographics, perioperative, and operative factors were assessed and compared between 2 groups, which were classified according to the presence or absence of postoperative morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 591 patients were identified with a mean age of 61.8 (range 18-89) of which 74% were female. Forty-three percent of patients had postoperative complications and 3% of patients died within 30 days of surgery. Most common postoperative complication was ileus (23%) followed by transfusion (10%) and superficial surgical site infection (8%). Mean length of stay was 8.5 days >=days and 9% of patients were readmitted within 30 days of surgery. African American (AA) race (odds ratio [OR]: 2.3, p=0.03), preoperative septic status (OR: 1.8, p=0.04) and wound class of 3-4 (OR: 1.9, p=0.01) were associated with 30-day postoperative morbidity. Length of stay (5.7+/- 2.6 vs 12.2+/- 10, p<0.0001) was longer and readmission rates (11 (3.2) vs 44 (17.1), p<0.0001) were higher among the patents with postoperative morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty-day postoperative morbidity in patients who underwent colectomy for cecal volvulus is high with a longer length of stay. Severity of infection seems strictly related to postoperative morbidity and individualized patient care can be designed based on the extent of infection in these patients

After extended left colon resections for either benign or malignant diseases of the colon, achieving a tension-free colorectal anastomosis might be difficult due to reach issues1 . There are several manoeuvers to overcome the reaching problems and to achieve a tension-free colorectal anastomosis. In this video, we demonstrated the techniques to manage reach related issues in different scenarios to perform a healthy colorectal anastomosis.

AIM: Abdominal salvage surgery for a failed ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (5) is safe and feasible in experienced hands. When salvaging an ileal pouch or creating a new J, S or W pouch may not be feasible, construction of an H-pouch may be the final option. This study reports a single colorectal surgeon's experience on H-pouch anal anastomosis in patients referred with a failed ileal pouch. METHOD: Patients undergoing transabdominal salvage surgery with H-pouch formation for a failed pouch from February 2012 to May 2016 were evaluated. RESULTS: Five patients were identified with a mean age of 46 (22-63) years. The pathological diagnosis was mucosal ulcerative colitis in all patients. Three patients had an initial traditional two-stage J-pouch creation and two patients had an initial three-stage approach. The median time to redo pouch surgery after the index IPAA creation was 99 (11-158) months. One patient required excision of the pouch and two patients had a complication within 30 days of surgery. CONCLUSION: The H-pouch is a good alternative for a failed IPAA when another type of reservoir is not an option.

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the preferred surgical treatment for patients who undergo colectomy and wish to avoid a permanent ileostomy. The overall outcomes are positive, with an improved quality of life and stable long-term pouch retention. However, certain conditions or disease states may be at a higher risk of pouch dysfunction or failure. For example, obese patients have an increased risk for postoperative complications. In addition, women with a history of obstetric complications and elderly patients with a history of sphincter damage or dysfunction may be at an increased risk for postoperative incontinence, although quality-of-life indices do not necessarily correlate with incontinence scores. Advanced age itself is not a contraindication to pouch surgery, and elderly patients can be considered for IPAA based on individual functionality and comorbidities. Pelvic radiation may lead to pouch dysfunction. Finally, patients with Crohn's disease and indeterminate colitis may have increased complications with IPAA, but highly specific patient selection leads to good rates of pouch retention. This article examines several clinical scenarios that require careful thought prior to considering IPAA.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare perioperative outcomes of patients undergoing robotic, laparoscopic, and open colectomy using a procedure-targeted database. METHODS: Retrospective review of patients undergoing elective colectomy in 2013 was conducted using the procedure-targeted database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Robotic, laparoscopic, and open groups were matched (1:1:1) based on age, gender, body mass index, surgical procedure, diagnosis and ASA classification. Demographics, comorbidities, and short-term (30 day) outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Out of 12 790 patients, 387 fulfilled criteria per group after matching. Univariate comparison showed operating time was longer (P < 0.001) and hospital stay was shorter (P < 0.001) in the robotic group. Morbidity (P < 0.001), superficial SSI (P < 0.001), bleeding requiring transfusion (P < 0.001), ventilator dependency (P = 0.003), and ileus (P < 0.001) rates were lower in the robotic group. After adjusting for confounders, outcomes were comparable between the groups except hospital stay which was shorter in the robotic group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ACS-NSQIP data demonstrated several short-term advantages of robotic surgery compared with laparoscopic and open surgery.

INTRODUCTION: It is uncertain whether the outcomes of patients with indeterminate colitis (IC) undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) deteriorate over time. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term pouch function, quality of life, complications, and incidence of Crohn's disease after IPAA for patients with IC compared to ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: A case matched analysis was performed on patients undergoing IPAA for pathologically confirmed IC or UC, between 1985 and 2014. Patients were case matched for age +/- 5 years, gender, date of surgery +/- 3 years, type of anastomosis and presence of a diverting loop ileostomy. All patients were followed up for greater than six months. RESULTS: 448 patients were case matched, the average age was 36.8 year old and 52.7 % of patients were male. Mean follow-up was 122.06 months (+/- 80.77 months). There were statistically and clinically comparable number of daytime bowel movements (5.7 v 5.5, p = 0.45), rates of incontinence (26.1 % v 18.3 %, p = 0.09) and nighttime seepage in patients (23.1 % v 28.4 %, p = 0.28) with IC and UC. Quality of life markers and patient restrictions were comparable between the two groups. Rates of pelvic sepsis (IC 8.5 %, UC 8.5 %, p = 0.99) and anastomotic leak (IC 3.1 %, UC 4.0 %, p = 0.61) were similar but fistula formation (IC 15.6 %, UC 8.0 %, p = 0.01) and IPAA Crohn's disease rates (IC 6.7 %, UC 2.7 %, p = 0.04) were significantly increased in IC patients. There was no statistically significant difference in pouch failure rates for IC and UC (5.8 % vs.4.9 %, p = 0.58). CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing IPAA for IC have a higher risk of post-operative fistulae and development of Crohn's disease, but comparable morbidity, functional outcomes, quality of life scores and pouch failure rates when compared to UC patients. Long-term data confirms that IPAA is a good surgical option in patients with IC.