Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study is to examine associations between therapist adherence, competence, and modifications of an evidence-based protocol (EBP) delivered in routine clinical care and client outcomes. METHOD/METHODS:Data were derived from a NIMH-funded implementation-effectiveness hybrid study of Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) for PTSD in a diverse community health center. Providers (n = 19) treated clients (n = 58) as part of their routine clinical care. Clients completed the PCL-S and PHQ-9 at baseline, after each CPT session, and posttreatment. CPT sessions were rated for treatment fidelity and therapist modifications. RESULTS:Overall, therapist adherence was high, although it decreased across sessions suggesting potential drift. Therapist competence ratings varied widely. Therapists made on average 1.6 fidelity-consistent and 0.4 fidelity-inconsistent modifications per session. Results show that higher numbers of fidelity-consistent modifications were associated with larger reductions in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. High adherence ratings were associated with greater reductions in depressive symptoms, whereas higher competence ratings were associated with greater reduction in posttraumatic stress symptoms. CONCLUSIONS:The results highlight the importance of differentially assessing therapist adherence, competence, and modifications to EBP in usual care settings. The findings also suggest that effective EBP delivery in routine care may require minor adaptations to meet client needs, consistent with previous studies. Greater attention to fidelity and adaptation can enhance training so providers can tailor while retaining core components of the intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Importance/UNASSIGNED:Meta-analyses of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that trauma-focused psychotherapies produce greater benefits than antidepressant medications alone. Objective/UNASSIGNED:To determine the relative efficacy of prolonged exposure therapy plus placebo, prolonged exposure therapy plus sertraline hydrochloride, and sertraline plus enhanced medication management in the treatment of PTSD. Design, Setting, and Participants/UNASSIGNED:The Prolonged Exposure and Sertraline Trial was a randomized, multisite, 24-week clinical trial conducted at the Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Veterans Program between January 26, 2012, and May 9, 2016. Participants and clinicians were blinded to pill condition, and outcome evaluators were blinded to assignment. Participants completed assessments at weeks 0 (intake), 6, 12, 24, and 52 (follow-up). Participants (N = 223) were service members or veterans of the Iraq and/or Afghanistan wars with combat-related PTSD and significant impairment (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale score, ≥50) of at least 3 months' duration. Analyses were on an intent-to-treat basis. Intervention/UNASSIGNED:Participants completed up to thirteen 90-minute sessions of prolonged exposure therapy by week 24. Sertraline dosage was titrated during a 10-week period and continued until week 24; medication management was manualized. Main Outcomes and Measures/UNASSIGNED:The primary outcome was symptom severity of PTSD in the past month as assessed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale score at week 24. Results/UNASSIGNED:Of 223 randomized participants, 149 completed the study at 24 weeks, and 207 (180 men and 27 women; mean [SD] age, 34.5 [8.3 years]) were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. Modified intent-to-treat analysis using a mixed model of repeated measures showed that PTSD symptoms decreased significantly during the 24 weeks (sertraline plus enhanced medication management, 33.8 points; prolonged exposure therapy plus sertraline, 32.7 points; and prolonged exposure therapy plus placebo, 29.4 points; β,-9.39; 95% CI, -11.62 to -7.16; P < .001); however, slopes did not differ by treatment group (prolonged exposure therapy plus placebo group, -9.39; sertraline plus enhanced medication management group, -10.37; and prolonged exposure therapy plus sertraline group, -9.99; P = .81). Conclusions and Relevance/UNASSIGNED:No difference in change in PTSD symptoms or symptom severity at 24 weeks was found between sertraline plus enhanced medication management, prolonged exposure therapy plus placebo, and prolonged exposure therapy plus sertraline. Trial Registration/UNASSIGNED:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01524133.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:Nonpharmacological interventions, such as biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy, and relaxation techniques are Level-A evidence-based treatments for headache. The impact of these interventions is often equivalent to or greater than pharmacological interventions, with fewer side effects. Despite such evidence, the rate of participation in nonpharmacological interventions for headache remains low. Once obstacles to optimizing use of behavioral interventions, such as local access to nonpharmacological treatment and primary headache providers are traversed, identification of barriers contributing to low adherence is imperative given the high levels of disability and cost associated with treating headache disorders. In this review of factors in adults associated with underuse of nonpharmacological interventions, we discuss psychological factors relevant to participation in nonpharmacological treatment, including attitudes and beliefs, motivation for change, awareness of triggers, locus of control, self-efficacy, acceptance, coping styles, personality traits, and psychiatric comorbidities associated with treatment adherence. Finally, future prospects and approaches to optimizing treatment matching and minimizing adherence issues are addressed. METHODS:An interdisciplinary team conducted this narrative review. Neuropsychologists conducted a literature search during the month of July 2017 using a combination of the keywords ("headache" or "migraine") and ("adherence" or "compliance") or "barriers to treatment" or various "psychological factors" discussed in this narrative review. Content experts, a psychiatrist, and a complementary and integrative health specialist provided additional commentary and input to this narrative review resulting in integration of additional noteworthy studies, book chapters and books. RESULTS:Various psychological factors, such as attitudes and beliefs, lack of motivation, poor awareness of triggers, external locus of control, poor self-efficacy, low levels of acceptance, and engagement in maladaptive coping styles can contribute to nonadherence. CONCLUSIONS:To maximize adherence, clinicians can assess and address an individual's level of treatment acceptance, beliefs that may present as barriers, readiness for change, locus of control, self-efficacy and psychiatric comorbidities. Identification of barriers to adherence as well as the application of relevant assessment and intervention techniques have the potential to facilitate adherence and ultimately improve treatment success.

Exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD) utilizes fear extinction, a memory process enhanced by sleep. We investigated whether naps following exposure sessions might improve symptoms and biomarkers in response to social stress in adults undergoing 5-week exposure-based group SAD therapy. Thirty-two participants aged 18-39 (18 females) with SAD were randomized. Before and after treatment, participants completed the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and underwent a Trier Social Stress Test with psychophysiological monitoring (mpTSST) that included skin conductance (SCL), electromyographic (EMG) and electrocardiographic recording, and an auditory startle procedure while anticipating the social stressor. At sessions 3 and 4, exposure was followed by either a 120-min polysomnographically monitored sleep opportunity (Nap, N = 17) or wakefulness (Wake, N = 15). Primary hypotheses about SAD symptom change (LSAS) and EMG blink-startle response failed to differ with naps, despite significant symptom improvement (LSAS) with therapy. Some secondary biomarkers, however, provided preliminary support for enhanced extinction learning with naps, with trend-level Time (pre-, post-treatment) × Arm interactions and significant reduction from pre- to post treatment in the Nap arm alone for mpTSST SCL and salivary cortisol rise. Because of the small sample size and limited sleep duration, additional well-powered studies with more robust sleep interventions are indicated.

Post-9/11 service members may return from military service with a complicated set of symptoms and conditions, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, substance misuse, and traumatic brain injury (TBI), that interfere with reintegration and impair functioning. Although evidence-based treatments that facilitate recovery exist, their successful delivery at a sufficient dose is limited. Barriers to accessing treatment combined with challenges compiling a comprehensive treatment team further delay delivery of effective evidence-based care for PTSD, TBI, and co-occurring mental health conditions. This paper describes the development of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, 2-week intensive day program for post-9/11 veterans with complex mental health concerns. The treatment program combines skill building groups, family education, and integrative health approaches with evidence-based individual PTSD or TBI care. Initial results from the first 132 participants were notable for a 97% completion rate, as well as statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions in PTSD, neurobehavioral, and depression symptom severity for the 107 veterans who completed the PTSD track and the 21 who completed the TBI track. These data suggest the intensive program approach is an effective, well-tolerated model of treatment for post-9/11 veterans with PTSD and/or TBI. Future controlled studies should examine the effectiveness of this intensive model compared to standard evidence-based therapy delivery, as well as longitudinal outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:Suffering associated with complicated grief (CG) is profound. Because suicide loss survivors are susceptible to developing CG, identifying effective treatments for suicide loss survivors with CG is a high priority. This report provides data on the acceptability and effectiveness of antidepressant medication and complicated grief therapy (CGT), a CG-targeted psychotherapy, for suicide loss survivors with CG identified by an Inventory of Complicated Grief score ≥ 30. METHODS:This is a secondary analysis of data collected from March 2010 to September 2014 for a 4-site, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial comparing the effectiveness of antidepressant medication alone or in combination with CGT for participants with CG (score ≥ 30 on the Inventory of Complicated Grief) who were bereaved by suicide (SB; n = 58), accident/homicide (A/H; n = 74), or natural causes (NC; n = 263). Using mode of death as a grouping factor, we evaluated acceptability of treatments by comparing 12-week medication and 16-session CGT completion; we evaluated effectiveness by comparing response at week 20, defined by a score of 1 or 2 on the Complicated Grief Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CG-CGI-I), and additional secondary response measures. RESULTS:Among participants receiving medication alone, SB medication completion rates (36%) were lower than rates for A/H (54%) and NC (68%; χ² = 11.76, P < .01). SB medication completion rates were much higher for SB individuals receiving CGT (82%; χ² = 12.45, P < .001) than for SB individuals receiving medication alone. CGT completion rates were similar in the 3 groups (SB = 74%, A/H = 64%, NC = 77%; χ² = 2.48, P = .29). For SB participants receiving CGT, CG-CGI-I response rates were substantial (64%), but lower compared to the other groups (A/H = 93%, NC = 84%; χ² = 8.00, P < .05). However, on all other outcomes, changes from baseline for SB participants were comparable to those for A/H and NC participants, including number and severity of grief symptoms, suicidal ideation, and grief-related impairment, avoidance, and maladaptive beliefs. CONCLUSIONS:These results raise concern about the acceptability of medication alone as a treatment for complicated grief in treatment-seeking suicide-bereaved adults. In contrast, CGT is an acceptable and promising treatment for suicide-bereaved individuals with complicated grief. TRIAL REGISTRATION/BACKGROUND:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01179568.

Background: There are limited data on the adherence of migraine patients to recommendations for evidence-based behavioral treatments. Among patients seen by a headache specialist, we sought to determine rates of adherence to recommended behavioral treatments and barriers to adherence. We also sought to determine whether psychosocial factors such as migraine related disability, locus of control and self-efficacy were associated with adherence to migraine behavioral treatment recommendations. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of consecutive patients presenting to four headache specialists who were diagnosed with migraine at our Headache Center from 2016-2017 to examine whether they adhered to the recommendation to receive behavioral treatment. The primary outcome was whether patients had scheduled at least one visit for behavioral treatment. Descriptive statistics were reported. Patients who made an appointment for behavioral treatment were compared to those who did not across multiple categories including demographics, migraine characteristics, and personal beliefs with ANOVA and chi-square tests. Qualitative analyses were also done for open ended survey questions. Results: Of the 234 eligible patients, 69 (29.5%) were referred for behavioral treatment. Fifty-three (76.8%) patients referred for behavioral treatment were successfully reached by phone. Mean duration from time of referral to follow-up was 76 days (median 76, SD5 45). Just over half of patients (56.6%, N530) adhered to the recommendation for behavioral treatment. Patients who had previously seen a psychologist for their migraines were more likely to adhere to the behavioral treatment recommendation than patients who had not. Time constraints were the most common barrier cited for not scheduling a behavioral treatment appointment. Conclusion: Less than one third of eligible patients were referred for behavioral treatment and only about half adhered to the recommendation to schedule an appointment for behavioral treatment. More research should assess factors which might play a role in adherence to migraine behavioral treatment recommendations