Faculty Bibliography

Cesarean deliveries are associated with uterine scar defects that significantly impact women's health and future pregnancy outcomes. The methods used for hysterotomy closure following cesarean delivery have undergone significant evolution. Commonly used techniques, which are relatively rapid and maintain hemostasis, include the endometrium in a single-layer or "bulk" closure. Such endometrium-inclusive cesarean closure has been linked to an increased risk of scar defects and long-term complications. However, the available data show no difference in outcomes related to cesarean closure technique, leading to widespread adoption of single-layer closure. The debate over the best method for uterine closure as well as the etiology of scar defects remains unresolved. We present the endometrium-free closure technique, an approach that requires in-depth knowledge of uterine anatomy, including the ability to distinguish the 3 layers of the uterine wall, and employs reapproximation of these layers. A 30-year retrospective study of consecutive cesarean deliveries using this closure method reports a reduction in abnormal implantation in subsequent pregnancies. Key findings from sonohysterographic studies demonstrate a clinically significant reduction in the development and size of scar defects when the endometrium is excluded from the closure, in women with one or multiple cesarean deliveries. While formal changes in surgical guidelines may require further randomized trials, we believe that this technique has the potential to reduce adverse events and provide long-term benefits for women's reproductive health.

OBJECTIVE:To examine the prevalence and severity of postcesarean residual niche, evaluated using saline infusion sonohysterography, in an expanded cohort of women with one prior cesarean delivery and to assess the effect of uterine closure technique on the risk of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders. METHODS:This secondary analysis includes 70 patients who underwent saline infusion sonohysterography after one prior cesarean delivery. Patients were grouped according to hysterotomy closure technique: two-layer endometrium-free closure (technique A), and two- or one-layer routine closures (technique B). Niche dimensions and residual myometrial thickness were measured. The primary outcome was clinically significant niche (depth larger than 2 mm), a risk factor for PAS. Groups were compared using χ2, unpaired t test, Kruskal-Wallis, and logistic regression with significance at P<.05. RESULTS:There were 33 patients in the technique A group and 37 patients in the technique B group. Technique A was associated with smaller niche dimensions (P=.018 for width, .005 for depth, and .002 for length), and exhibited thicker residual myometrial thickness (8.5 mm vs 5.5 mm, P=.041) and a lower incidence of clinically significant niches. The odds of having a clinically significant niche were 27 times higher in the technique B group (adjusted odds ratio 27.1, 95% CI, 4.35-168.81, P<.001). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Uterine closure techniques are associated with the development and size of postcesarean residual niches, which are critical risk factors for PAS disorders. Use of an endometrium-free closure technique during primary cesarean delivery is associated with a reduced risk of future niche formation and PAS complications.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To use saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) to evaluate the effect of uterine closure technique on niche formation after multiple cesarean deliveries (CDs). METHODS:Patients with at least one prior CD were evaluated for niche via SIS. Subgroups of any number repeat CD (>1 prior), lower-order CD (<4 prior), and higher-order CD (≥4 prior) were analyzed, stratifying by hysterotomy closure technique at last cesarean preceding imaging; techniques included Technique A (endometrium-free double-layer closure) and Technique B (single- or double-layer routine endo-myometrial closure). Niche defects were quantified (depth, length, width, and residual myometrial thickness). The primary outcome was clinically significant niche, defined as depth >2 mm. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, ANOVA, t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and multiple logistic regression, with p-values of <0.05 were statistically significant. RESULTS:A total of 172 post-cesarean SIS studies were reviewed: 105 after repeat CDs, 131 after lower-order CDs, and 41 after higher-order CDs. Technique A was associated with a shorter interval to imaging and more double-layer closures. Technique B was associated with more clinically significant niches across all subgroups, and these niches were significantly longer and deeper when present. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated a 5.6, 8.1, and 11-fold increased adjusted odds of clinically significant niche following Technique B closure in the repeat CD (p<0.01), lower-order CD (p<0.001), and higher-order CD (p=0.04) groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:While multiple CDs are known to increase risk for niche defects and their sequelae, hysterotomy closure technique may help to reduce niche development and severity.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To determine whether amniotic fluid derived stem cells maintain their stem cell characteristics (a) after processing by a licensed cell therapy center and (b) after the cells undergo simulated clinical application. METHODS:Amniotic fluid was collected by laparotomy - a small uterine incision was made at proposed site for delivery and a sterile catheter inserted to collect fluid into a sterile bag. After flow stopped the catheter was withdrawn, the cesarean completed and the collected fluid delivered to the cell therapy center for processing and cryostorage. A clinical setting was simulated where amniotic fluid cells received from cell therapy center were thawed at room temperature for a maximum of 3 h and passed through a clinical cell delivery device to monitor cell viability. The cells were examined for viability, stability, growth, differentiation, and markers of stemness. RESULTS:Amniotic fluid stem cells processed from a clinical cell therapy center behave similarly to amniotic fluid stem cells processed in a research laboratory with respects to viability, stability, growth, differentiation and maintain markers of stemness. There were differences due to heterogeneity of samples which were not methodological. Growth in cell culture and differentiation were satisfactory. Simulation of treating the cells in a clinical environment show a general stability in viability of amniotic fluid cells at room temperature for 3 h minimum and when passed through a clinically approved delivery device. CONCLUSIONS:The data indicate human amniotic fluid processed in a clinical facility could be used therapeutically if proven to be safe.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To assess the diversity of uterine closure techniques (UCTs) among providers in one institution and evaluate concurrent consideration of adverse outcomes for patient counseling, provisional care, and prevention. METHODS:Forty-four obstetricians at NYU Langone Health were emailed a survey of their uterine closure technique, patient counseling, and practice experience. Results were stratified by years of practice: ≤5, 5-20, and 20-40 years. RESULTS:Thirty-nine obstetricians (88.6%) completed the survey. Among those, a blunt uterine opening was preferred by 29 (74.4%), and a mid-lower segment location was favored by 34 (87.2%). At uterine closure, the endometrium was included by 20 (51.3%), with half a centimeter or more incorporated in the myometrial closure, whereas 15 (38.5%) did not factor in the endometrium's presence. Closure duration varied from 1 to 20 min, with 21 (53.9%) lasting 1-5 min and 12 (30.8%) lasting 5-10 min. All physicians were familiar with the potential post-cesarean complications and counseled their patients accordingly; 25 (64.1%) at the first post-op visit while 14 (35.9%) did so before the next conception. Practitioners with fewer years in practice endorsed the safety of up to five consecutive cesarean births, while those with more experience approved up to ten. Thirty-two obstetricians (82.1%) stated that the risk of abnormal placentation is exclusively associated with the number of cesarean sections, whereas five (12.8%) senior obstetricians asserted that individual surgical techniques are most impactful. CONCLUSIONS:The survey illustrates that various UCTs are performed irrespective of potential adverse sequelae and without consideration for subsequent patient counseling and care. Ongoing research must study the impact of UCT on scar healing to formulate preventive strategies for post-cesarean complications.

BACKGROUND:The last four decades have seen increased complications after Cesarean Deliveries (CDs). Despite an incomplete understanding of their etiology, surgical practices have been adopted, creating disproportionate morbidity and the absence of preventive strategies. Additional research tools are needed for further investigation. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the VITOM high-definition (HD) optical recording system as a tool to highlight Cesarean operative steps and surgical techniques and assess the use of its video recordings for operating room team teaching and for research potential. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:Contemporaneous Cesarean delivery (CD) techniques offer no resolve to long-term post-Cesarean sequelae. From March 2015 to February 2022, a novel tool, VITOM exoscope, was evaluated and used to photograph and video record 104 elective CDs. The images were projected on a large screen to be viewed by scrubbed-in and unscrubbed personnel and recorded for future use. During this period, staff participants in three designated operating rooms numbered 514, including 168 trainee residents, 5 nurse practitioners, 6 physician assistants, 21 medical students, 70 surgical technicians, and 110 circulating nurses. Maternal ages of patients varied from 21 to 49 years. Gestational ages ranged from 28 to 41 weeks and 6 days. Selected photographs of critical Cesarean surgical steps were taken and printed. Video recordings were stored in designated institutional data storage and uploaded onto a secure drive for further use. After every case, debriefing was held, and subjective opinions were obtained from the various participants. RESULTS:The VITOM was used for 104 CDs. Set-up time was reduced from 7 minutes initially to 3 minutes with more experience. All staff participants had only positive evaluations and remarks about the image quality and the clear delineation of specific anatomic landmarks. By polling medical students and residents in training, the VITOM experience was described as very useful and, in a few cases, only somewhat useful. The scrubbed surgical technicians and circulating nurses gained a better understanding of surgical layers, improving their ability to anticipate subsequent surgical steps, thereby streamlining operating flow and efficiency. Unscrubbed personnel could also follow the operation's progression despite being remote from the sterile field. Anesthesiologists could follow the operative field and eventual blood loss in plain view. Recorded videos and still photographs were used at clinical teaching conferences and in peer-reviewed publications, enhancing understanding of Cesarean delivery techniques. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:The VITOM exoscope provided superb image quality enabling a clear vision of anatomic structures of the Cesarean operation. It is a promising additional research tool to capture crucial details of the employed surgical techniques and provides a possible insight into long-term post-Cesarean sequelae.