Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To compare the rates of Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) between premature infants weaned with either Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) or High Velocity Nasal Cannula (HVNC). METHODS:This was a retrospective, observational cohort study at a level IV NICU including infants <34 weeks gestational age (GA) on NIV (noninvasive ventilation) for at least 5 days. Maternal and infant demographics and clinical data from the infant's hospital course were collected. Infants were assigned to CPAP (n=175) and HVNC (n=48) cohorts based on which modality they were treated with for most of their time on NIV. RESULTS:Demographics and clinical characteristics were similar between the CPAP group and the HVNC group. The rates of CLD were significantly higher in the HVNC group as compared to the CPAP group (58.3 vs. 24.6 %, p<0.001). After logistic regression analysis was performed accounting for GA, invasive respiratory support requirement, sepsis and administration of antenatal corticosteroids, the HVNC group was found to be almost 4 times more likely to develop CLD. Further analysis using propensity score matching yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS:When used as the primary modality of noninvasive support, preterm infants on HVNC were more likely to develop CLD than those on CPAP.

OBJECTIVE:A standardized multifaceted approach to follow-up is crucial for monitoring neurodevelopment in neonates who undergo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The Pittsburgh Index for Pre-ECMO Risk (PIPER+) score, which predicts the probability of hospital mortality, may help predict adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. This study sought to assess the neurodevelopment of neonates who were treated with ECMO in our newly developed ECMO program, by analyzing Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) scores obtained at the Neonatal Comprehensive Care Program (NCCP), our neurodevelopmental follow-up clinic, through two years of age. It also aimed to determine whether neurodevelopmental outcomes in our study population were correlated to PIPER+ score, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or video electroencephalography (vEEG) findings. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:We conducted a retrospective chart review of neonatal patients placed on ECMO at our institution between March 2015 and June 2023 who had at least one follow-up visit at the NCCP clinic. The relationships between neurodevelopmental outcomes, quantified by the BSID score, PIPER + score, MRI results, and vEEG abnormalities were analyzed. RESULTS:A total of 18 patients met the inclusion criteria. There was a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) between PIPER+ and BSID scores at 12 months across all developmental domains analyzed. However, this correlation was no longer significant at 24 months. The odds of the combined outcome of mortality or neurodevelopmental impairment at two years of age increased by 17% for each 1% increase in the PIPER+ score. CONCLUSIONS:Higher PIPER+ scores were associated with higher mortality in our population; they also correlated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 months, but not at 24 months. It is important and feasible to follow neonates who underwent ECMO using a neurodevelopmental follow-up clinic.

OBJECTIVE:To examine survival and outcomes in neonates who received therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) versus ECMO alone. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:This is a retrospective review of Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry data from 2007 to 2017 for neonates undergoing ECMO and TH for NE (TH/ECMO) or ECMO alone. Primary outcomes were ECMO survival and survival to discharge. Secondary outcomes were complications while on ECMO. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's Exact and Mann-Whitney U testing. Multivariate regression was performed to identify predictors of ECMO survival. RESULTS:Of 3 672 neonates, 215 (6%) received TH/ECMO, while 3 457 (94%) received ECMO alone. There was no significant difference in ECMO survival (92% vs. 92%, P=0.70) or survival to discharge (87% vs. 85%, P=0.43) between groups. TH/ECMO group had higher hemorrhagic (29% vs. 20%, P<0.01), neurologic (24% vs.12%, P<0.01) , and metabolic (28% vs. 15%, p<0.01) complications. Multivariate regression identified higher gestational age, absence of inotropes during ECMO, and lack of neurologic, pulmonary, or hemorrhagic complications as independent predictors of ECMO survival. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Neonates undergoing ECMO and TH for NE had survival rates comparable to those receiving ECMO alone. These findings suggest that ECMO can be considered for neonates with NE undergoing TH who meet criteria for ECMO.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:We aimed to critically evaluate the effectiveness of a designated ECMO team in our ECMO selection process and patient outcomes in the first 3 years of our low-volume pediatric ECMO program. METHODS:We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who received an ECMO consultation between the start of our program in March 2015 and May 2018. We gathered clinical and demographic information on patients who did and did not receive ECMO, and described our selection process. We reflected on the processes used to initiate our program and our outcomes in the first 3 years. RESULTS:, lactate, and pH between the patients who went on ECMO and who did not. We improved our outcomes from 0% survival to discharge in 2015, to 60% in 2018, with an average of 63% survival to discharge over the first 3 years of our program. CONCLUSIONS:In a low-volume pediatric ECMO center, having a designated team to assist in the patient selection process and management can help provide safe and efficient care to these patients, and improve patient outcomes. Having a strict management protocol and simulation sessions involving all members of the medical team yields comfort for the providers and optimal care for patients. This study describes our novel structure, processes, and outcomes, which we hope will be helpful to others seeking to develop a new pediatric ECMO program.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:colonization rates before and after the visitor policy change, which coincided with the exponential rise of COVID-19 cases in New York City (NYC). METHODS:colonization. RESULTS:=0.02). CONCLUSIONS:colonization rate. Hospital unit leaders may need to focus on other strategies in order to reduce colonization.

This is the second article in a seven-part series in the Journal of Perinatology that aims to critically examine the current state of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (NPM) fellowship training from the structure and administration of a program, to the clinical and scholarly requirements, and finally to the innovations and future careers awaiting successful graduates. This article focuses on the current clinical requirements; recent changes to the clinical environment and their effect on learning; and additional challenges and opportunities in clinical education.

Study: Our Pediatric ECMO Program implemented ECMO Safety Rounds (ESR) as a quality improvement (QI) initiative. Objectives were to ensure implementation of protocols, immediately correct quality/safety deficiencies, and provide real-time education to nurses and perfusionists. Our specific aim was to track compliance with this process-improvement bundle and identify areas to target with QI efforts, with a long-term global aim of reducing quality/safety variances and patient harm over time. XXMethod(s): Our team initiated Pediatric ESR in September 2019. Two process- based QI bundles were developed: (1) Circuit Safety - 35 bundle elements, including maintenance and emergency checks; (2) Patient Safety - 13 bundle elements focused on nursing practices specific to minimizing patient harm. Pediatric ESR consisted of these two bundle assessments performed by designated ESR clinicians at the bedside with the patient's nurse and perfusionist. Credit for bundle compliance was awarded only if all elements were properly met. Noncompliant elements were addressed in real-time. All data was recorded in REDCap database. XXResult(s): 36 Pediatric ESRs were completed (Sept. 2019 - Jan. 2021). Monthly bundle compliance was reported using run charts. Median compliance with both bundles appeared to improve over time, with their most recent centerlines both at 67% compliance (Figure 1). Analysis of individual bundle elements revealed that 19/48 (40%) safety items were deficient at least once during the 36 ESRs (Table 1). Any individual bundle element with greater than 2 noncompliance events prompted our team to target interventions addressing these lapses, including new protocols and education, conducting multidisciplinary reviews, and collaborating with ancillary departments. We conclude that Pediatric ESR provides real-time assessment of compliance, immediate corrective and education measures, and actionable data to drive performance improvement around observed vulnerabilities in ECMO protocols

BACKGROUND:Outcomes in neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and/or persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) are favorable. Infants with preserved perfusion are often offered venovenous (VV) support to spare morbidities of venoarterial (VA) ECMO. Worsening perfusion or circuit complications can prompt conversion from VV-to-VA support. We examined whether outcomes in infants requiring VA ECMO for MAS/PPHN differed if they underwent VA support initially versus converting to VA after a VV trial, and what factors predicted conversion. METHODS:We reviewed the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry from 2007 to 2017 for neonates with primary diagnoses of MAS/PPHN. Propensity score analysis matched VA single-runs (controls) 4:1 against VV-to-VA conversions based on age, pre-ECMO pH, and precannulation arrests. Primary outcomes were complications and survival. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact testing. Multivariate regression identified independent predictors of conversion for VV patients. RESULTS:3831 neonates underwent ECMO for MAS/PPHN, including 2129 (55%) initially requiring VA support. Of 1702 patients placed on VV ECMO, 98 (5.8%) required VV-to-VA conversion. Compared with 364 propensity-matched isolated VA controls, conversion runs were longer (190 vs. 127 h, P < 0.001), were associated with more complications, and decreased survival to discharge (70% vs. 83%, P = 0.01). On multivariate regression, conversion was more likely if neonates on VV ECMO did not receive surfactant (OR = 1.7;95%CI = 1.1-2.7;P = 0.03) or required high-frequency ventilation (OR = 1.9;95%CI = 1.2-3.3;P = 0.01) before ECMO. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Conversion from VV-to-VA ECMO in infants with MAS/PPHN conveys increased morbidity and mortality compared to similar patients placed initially onto VA ECMO. VV patients not receiving surfactant or requiring high-frequency ventilation before cannulation may have increased risk of conversion. While conversions remain rare, decisions to offer VV ECMO for MAS/PPHN must be informed by inferior outcomes observed should conversion be required. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:Level of evidence 3 Retrospective comparative study.

Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a common cause of neonatal sepsis. GBS colonization of the newborn gastrointestinal tract (GIT) may be a critical precursor for late-onset infection. Assessment of the rate of neonatal GBS intestinal colonization has generally relied upon culture-based methods. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture to determine the rate of GBS transmission to neonates. We hypothesized that PCR may enhance the detection of neonatal GBS colonization of the GIT, and that the rate will be higher when evaluated with PCR as compared to culture. Methods This was a cross-sectional study, in which mothers who were positive for GBS on routine screening and their healthy infants were eligible for recruitment. Newborn stool was collected after 24 h of life and before hospital discharge, and stored at -80°C for culture and PCR targeting the GBS-specific surface immunogenic protein (sip) gene. Results A total of 94 mother-infant pairs were enrolled; of these pairs, stool was collected from 83 infants. Based on PCR, the overall GBS transmission rate was 3.6% (3/83). The transmission rate was 2.4% (1/41) among vaginal deliveries and 4.8% (2/42) among cesarean deliveries. The results of culture-based transmission detection were identical. Conclusion These results indicate that the rate of GBS transmission is low and that detection may not be enhanced by PCR methods.