Faculty Bibliography

GOAL/OBJECTIVE:In 2024, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) introduced equity metrics for healthcare systems to document social determinants of health (SDOH). Payment determinations were also linked to readmission performance measures. Readmission prevention programs for vulnerable patients, defined by CMS as dually eligible (DE) for Medicare and Medicaid, racial/ethnic minorities, and those with disabling conditions, have the potential to reduce readmission disparities. Our goal was to develop a systematic and pragmatic approach to collect, analyze, and utilize SDOH and insurance status to assign patients to an intensified protocol for reducing readmission disparities after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS:Patients admitted to a major urban medical center for isolated CABG from October 2023 to October 2024 (N = 286) completed a standardized clinician-assisted SDOH questionnaire. SDOH risk was adapted from ICD-10 Z codes that targeted social risk factors within the scope of healthcare providers' practices (i.e., language barriers, health literacy, access to a heart-healthy diet, lack of transportation to postoperative appointments, financial difficulties impeding access to prescription medications or medical care, and lack of a caregiver/social support). Project managers reviewed electronic health records and documented racial/ethnic categories using current CMS recommendations. SDOH+ (positive) and Medicaid or DE patients were assigned to a vulnerable patient intensified protocol (VPIP) readmission prevention program focused on education, deployment of hospital and community-based resources, transportation assistance, and increased frequency of postoperative follow-up. Non-VPIP patients continued their surgeons' usual care protocols. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS/RESULTS:Of the 286 isolated CABG patients, 55% were ≥65 years old, 80% were male, 47% were White, 24% had Medicaid, and 14% were DE. The most prevalent SDOH+ responses were the need for an interpreter (31%), low health literacy or less than a high-school education (23%), and transportation issues (17%). White patients were significantly (p < .05) less likely to qualify for VPIP than non-White patients, as were patients with Medicare compared to those with self-pay, commercial, or military insurance. Overall, 27% of patients had ≥2 SDOH risk factors. The need for an interpreter was 6.6 times more likely to be associated with having Medicaid or being DE than not. Low health literacy or less than a high school education, transportation issues, and the lack of access to a heart-healthy diet were all significantly associated with Medicaid or DE patients. White patients, compared to non-White patients or unknown or declined responses, were significantly less likely to be SDOH+ (13% vs. 39%, p < .0001). Asian patients were at a higher risk for SDOH+ compared to White patients (49% vs.13%, p < .0001), and among Asian patients, 29% had neither Medicaid nor DE status. The strongest predictor of SDOH+ status in logistic regression models was Medicaid or DE status compared to all other insurance types (OR = 5.4, confidence interval [3.0-9.9]) when adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, and gender. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:Our findings demonstrate that a social-risk-informed care model is feasible in a hospital-based CABG readmission prevention program. Vulnerable patients can be identified through the standardized collection of SDOH, insurance status, and race/ethnicity data. Insurance status may be an excellent proxy to ascertain social risk and is readily accessible. Other healthcare organizations should consider regional demographics for possible SDOH risk. Our findings may support other initiatives to improve the collection of SDOH and demographic information. The VPIP CABG readmission prevention program could be adapted for other conditions and settings to achieve equitable care.

OBJECTIVE:Surgery for mitral valve disease in patients with mitral annular calcification (MAC) remains challenging. There is no consensus on the ideal management strategy or patient selection, and perioperative and periprocedural morbidity and mortality rates remain high. The recent surge of patients presenting with MAC has been accompanied by increased interest in MAC surgery and interventions. This expert consensus document is meant to provide a simplified outline for managing MAC, including patient selection, imaging, and surgical and transcatheter therapeutic options, with a particular focus on conventional surgical techniques and hybrid approaches. METHODS:The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Clinical Practice Standards Committee assembled an international panel of cardiac surgeons and structural heart interventionalists with established expertise in the field of MAC. A comprehensive literature review was performed by the panel and a medical librarian. Clinical recommendations were developed utilizing a modified Delphi method. RESULTS:Expert consensus was reached on 33 recommendations, with class of recommendation and level of evidence, for each of 5 main topics: (1) preoperative evaluation for patients with MAC, patient selection, and indications for intervention; (2) standard surgical techniques in MAC; (3) hybrid procedures in MAC; (4) transcatheter MAC interventions; and (5) complications and bailout of MAC surgery and interventions. CONCLUSIONS:Despite the complexity and heterogenicity of patients presenting with MAC, consensus on several key recommendations was reached by this American Association for Thoracic Surgery expert panel. These recommendations provide guidance for cardiac surgeons and structural heart interventionists in treating most patients who present with MAC.

BACKGROUND:Earlier intervention for mitral valve (MV) regurgitation leads to smaller left ventricles (LV) and potentially increases the risk of post-operative systolic anterior motion (SAM). We performed left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) modification in patients with an increased risk of SAM. METHODS:From January 2019 to May 2024, 800 consecutive totally endoscopic robotic MV repairs (TERMVR) were performed. Based on pre-bypass TEE, post-operative SAM risk was graded as low(n=610,76.2%), moderate(n=144, 18%), or high(n=46, 5.8%). Patients with moderate or high risk of SAM were categorized as "increased risk of SAM". To prevent post-operative SAM, LVOT modification consisted in ventricular septal bulge(VSB) myectomy and/or septal myocardial trabeculations(SMT) resection. Operative notes, echocardiograms, and STS dataset were analyzed. RESULTS:Mean patient age was 63.8 years (range= 22-90); 45(5.6%) had prior cardiac surgery. Thirty-day mortality was 5(0.6%). A total of 190(23.8%) patients had an increased risk of SAM. LVOT modification was performed in the majority with increased risk of SAM (139/190, 73.2%) and in a minority with low risk of SAM (42/610,6.9%). In those undergoing LVOT modification(n=181), isolated VSB myectomy was performed in 140(77.3%), isolated SMT resection in 32(17.7%), and both in 9(5.0%). The anterior leaflet was never detached. One patient experienced transient SAM while on inotropes. There was no need for intraoperative MV repair revision for SAM. CONCLUSIONS:Currently, a significant proportion of MV repairs are at elevated risk of post-operative SAM. In our TERMVR experience, LVOT modification was performed with minimal morbidity and prevented any subsequent MV repair revision for SAM.

OBJECTIVE:Hybrid coronary revascularization is a clinical strategy that uses a combination of surgical revascularization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Data on the hybrid approach for coronary artery disease involving the left main (LM) are scarce. We analyzed our cohort of hybrid coronary revascularizations with minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) using robotic left internal mammary artery harvesting and PCI for multivessel disease with and without LM involvement. METHODS:= 40, 64.5%). RESULTS:= 0.699). CONCLUSIONS:Hybrid robotic MIDCAB for patients with and without LM disease can be performed with acceptable results in selected patients. However, it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions regarding safety and efficacy compared with conventional coronary artery bypass grafting.

Perspective Statement: Beyond the Society of Thoracic Surgery's (STS) quality metrics, many other operative measures, such as completeness of revascularization, and patient care measures add quality and value for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery; and Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols have improved patient experience and recovery, leading to better outcomes and significant healthcare savings.