Faculty Bibliography

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has evolved substantially over recent decades in terms of hardware and evidence supporting efficacy. Treatment targets continue to expand and address both pain and functional applications. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) seeks to substantially update and expand upon a review of the evidence supporting PNS as well as provide guidelines for clinical practice. A diverse multidisciplinary panel of experts was selected to provide opinions and guidance based on evidence-graded assessment and clinical knowledge. This document aims to serve as a resource for clinicians and payors in the interest of expanding awareness of the breadth of research in the field of PNS and expanding access to therapy.

Cervicogenic headaches, often originating from the upper cervical spine, represent a significant chronic pain condition. The C1-C2 joint, comprising synovial-lined lateral mass articulations and a pivot joint, is a common pain generator. Understanding the intricate anatomy, including the important anatomical adjacencies, innervation, and pathology of these joints, is crucial for effective intervention. This review highlights the importance of preprocedural evaluation, patient positioning, and CT-guided injection technique to minimize complications. The benefits of CT over fluoroscopic guidance for these procedures are also examined, providing a step-by-step guide to ensure accurate and safe needle placement and injection. Additionally, this manuscript reviews potential risks such as intravascular injection and nerve damage, offering strategies to mitigate these risks. This comprehensive analysis aims to enhance the understanding and execution of C1-C2 joint injections, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Moreover, this review demonstrates the effectiveness and safety of the C1-2 joint injections under CT guidance.

INTRODUCTION/UNASSIGNED:Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving and becoming more ubiquitous. Significant advancements have been made in the last few years, driving rapidly increasing adoption. The scale of publications on AI makes it difficult to keep abreast of relevant findings. OBJECTIVE/UNASSIGNED:The ASPN Artificial Intelligence Guidelines are designed to help clinicians understand AI and implement it into their practice. This Neuron Project is designed to evolve with the changing landscape of AI. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:An expert panel was chosen to discuss and write the best practice guidelines on AI. The primary authors conducted a literature search on PubMed, cross-referencing key terms in pain management and AI. After a thorough review of the current literature, the information collected was divided into broad categories of potential benefits, potential harms, and ways to ensure the benefits outweigh the potential harms of AI. These guidelines include only the most essential aspects of AI that clinicians need to know and understand before implementing AI into their practice. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:Over 12,000 articles were found using the above search results. Many articles were reviews and clinical guidelines. The framework created from these guidelines allowed authors to fill in knowledge gaps and discuss the most critical elements pain clinicians should comprehend about AI. CONCLUSION/UNASSIGNED:All authors achieved consensus on guidelines for implementing and using AI in pain management following a process of critical review and edits by the entire group of authors. All authors approved final guidelines. DISCUSSION/UNASSIGNED:The field of artificial intelligence is rapidly growing. As it expands into healthcare, it is necessary to prevent breaches of sensitive data and potential harm to patients. Guidelines that constantly evolve and grow with expanding indications for AI are essential to maximize benefit and prevent harm. This paper is part of ASPN's Neuron Project and is designed to update continuously as this field evolves.